Cerebellum

Front 1

How does the cerebellum exert its effects on motor behavior?

Back 1

It affects the upper motor neurons

Front 2

How does the cerebellum act as a comparator?

Back 2

It compares the intended movement (info from cortex) to the actual movement (info from the sensory pathways)

Front 3

What separates the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum?

Back 3

The primary fissure

Front 4

What separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe?

Back 4

The posterolateral fissure

Front 5

What is the major source of output from the cerebellum?

Back 5

The deep nuclei

Front 6

What are the four deep nuclei?

Back 6

Fastigial, globose, emboliform, and dentate

Front 7

What are the five cells types of the cerebellar cortex?

Back 7

Purkinje, basket, golgi, stellate, and granule

Front 8

Which cells of the cerebellum are inhibitory and which are excitatory?

Back 8

All are inhibitory except for the granule cells, which are excitatory

Front 9

What are the three layers of the cerebellum?

Back 9

molecular, purkinje cell layer, and granule cell layer

Front 10

What are the two fibers called that input to the cerebellum ?

Back 10

Climbing fibers and mossy fibers

Front 11

What path do the climbing fibers take ?

Back 11

They originate in the inferior olivary complex, decussate and enter the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle

Front 12

From where do the mossy fibers come?

Back 12

They arise from various locations: all 4 spinocerebellar tracts, vestibular nerve and nuclei, and pontine nuclei

Front 13

What does the main excitatory loop constitute?

Back 13

Input fibers and deep cerebellar nuclei, which project out of the cerebellum to descending motor systems; all of these cells are excitatory

Front 14

What cells do the climbing fibers contact directly?

Back 14

purkinje cells

Front 15

What do the mossy fibers contact?

Back 15

Mossy fibers contact granule cells in glomeruli

Front 16

What do the granule cells contact?

Back 16

Granule cells contact purkinje cells

Front 17

What forms the main output of the cerebellar cortex and what sort of stimulation is it?

Back 17

The main output of the cerebellar cortrex comes from the purkinje cells; they are inhibitory to deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei

Front 18

What types of cells are golgi, basket, and stellate cells and what is their function?

Back 18

They are inhibitory interneurons that alter granule cell or purkinje cell activity

Front 19

What are the three functional subdivisions of the cerebellum?

Back 19

The vestibulocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and cerebrocerebellum

Front 20

What are the components of the vestibulocerebellum and what is it's function?

Back 20

Flocculonodular lobe and fastigial nucleus; they play a role in balance and eye movements

Front 21

What are the components of the spinocerebellum and what role do they play?

Back 21

Vermis and paravermal parts of the hemishperes, interposed nuclei (globose and emboliform); they play a role in motor execution (regulation of tone, posture, and locomotion)

Front 22

What are the components of the cerebrocerebellum and what role do they play?

Back 22

Lateral hemispheres and dentate nucleus; they play a role in motor planning and coordination

Front 23

What are the inputs of the vestibulocerebellum? (3)

Back 23

(1) vestibular nerve fibers (2) vestibular nuclei (3) inferior olive

Front 24

The outputs of the vestibulocerebellum come from what parts and go to which tracts (3)?

Back 24

Output comes from the fastigial nucleus (and purkinje cells to vestibular nuclei) and send info to (1) vestibular nuclei (2) reticular formation (3) VL of thalamus

Front 25

What does the spinocerebellum do?

Back 25

It plays a role in execution of movement, compensates for loads, regulates muscle tone, maintains posture, and guides limb movements

Front 26

What are the inputs to the spinocerebellum (2)?

Back 26

(1) Sensory tracts from the spinal cord and trigeminal system (2)the inferior olive

Front 27

What are the two places of output from the spinocerebellum and where does each send output?

Back 27

Vermis: (1)reticular formation (2) vestibular nuclei; paravermal: (1) red nucleus (2)VL of thalamus (3) inferior olive

Front 28

What is the function of the cerebrocerebellum?

Back 28

coordination and planning of voluntary movements

Front 29

What are the inputs to the cerebrocerebellum?

Back 29

pontine nuclei and the inferior olive

Front 30

What is the nuclei of the cerebrocerebellar lobe?

Back 30

dentate

Front 31

What are the outputs of the cerebrocerebellar lobe

Back 31

(1) red nucleus (2) VL of thalamus

Front 32

Besides the rubrospinal tract, what pathway originates at the red nucleus?

Back 32

The rubro-olivary tract projects to the inferior olive (which in turn projects to the cerebellum)

Front 33

What are the two components of the inferior cerebellar peduncle?

Back 33

(1) restiform body (2) juxtarestiform body- contains vestibular inputs and outputs

Front 34

What are the inputs that travel through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

Back 34

ventral spinocerebellar

Front 35

What are the major inputs that travel through the middle cerebellar peduncle?

Back 35

pontine nuclei

Front 36

What are the major inputs that travel through the inferior peduncle?

Back 36

inferior olive, vestibular nerves and nuclei, dorsal spinocerebellar tract, cuneocerebellar tract, rostral spinocerebellars

Front 37

All of the cerebellar outputs travel through which peduncle with the exception of what?

Back 37

The superior with the exception of vestibular nuclei

Front 38

Cerebellar damage causes ipsilateral or contralateral defects?

Back 38

ipsilateral

Front 39

What are 3 major signs of cerebellar disease?

Back 39

(1)hypotonia (2)intention tremor (3) ataxia

Front 40

What is intention tremor? It is caused why damage to which part of the cerebellum?

Back 40

A tremor that occurs only during movement and stops at rest; it is caused by damage to the spinocerebellum

Front 41

What is ataxia?

Back 41

lack of coordination of voluntary movements; includes dysmetria

Front 42

What is dysmetria

Back 42

Errors in range and motion, "mismeasurement"

Front 43

What is dysarthria?

Back 43

Disorder in speech, can be cerebellar or non-cerebellar

Front 44

What is dysdiadochokinesia

Back 44

Inability to sustain rhythmical alternating movements; distinct cerebellar sign

Front 45

What is decomposition of movement? Damage to what part of the cerebellum leads to this?

Back 45

The movement of one joint at a time; common with lateral hemisphere lesions; caused by damage to the cerebrocerebellum

Front 46

What is lack of check?

Back 46

The inability to stop a limb as resistance is suddenly removed

Front 47

Lesions of the vermis or fastigial nucleus may be associated with what symptoms?

Back 47

Problems with the trunk, whole body may sway, dysarthria

Front 48

What sort of symptoms would be associated with lesions of the paravermal or interposed nuclei?

Back 48

Ataxia of limbs, intention tremor

Front 49

What sort of symptoms would be seen with a lesion to the lateral hemisphere or dentate nucleus?

Back 49

delayed initiation of movements, disruption of motor planning; decomposition of movements