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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the basic functions of the cerebellum? |
Posture and voluntary movements |
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What connects the 2 cerebellar hemispheres? |
The cerebellar vermis |
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Where in the cerebellum is the grey matter located? |
Located on the surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded. Forms the cerebellar cortex |
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Where is the white matter? |
Underneath the grey matter It contains the 4 cerebellar nuclei |
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Name the lobes |
They are divided by the primary fissure and posterolateral fissure |
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Where is the cerebrocerebellum, what is its function and what are its inputs and outputs |
1. Located in the lateral hemisphere 2. Involved in planning movements 3. Input: cortex and pontine nuclei 4. Output: thalamus and red nuclei |
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Where is the spinocerebellum, what is its function and what is its input? |
1. Located in the vermis and intermediate zones 2. Regulating body movements 3. Receives proprioceptive info |
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What is the function of the vestibulocerebellum and what are its inputs/outputs? |
1. Functional equivalent to flocculonodular lobe, controls balance and ocular reflex 2. Input: vestibular system 3. Output: vestibular nuclei |
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Name the 4 cerebellar nuclei |
1. Dentate nucleus 2. Emboliform nucleus 3. Fastigial nucleus 4. Globose nucleus |
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Where are each of the four nuclei found? |
Cerebrocerebellum : Dentate nucleus Spinocerebellum : Globose and emboliform nuclei Vestibulocerebellum : Fastigial, globose and emboliform nuclei |
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Where does the dentate nucleus project? |
The thalamus. It is the biggest nucleus in the cerebellum |
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Where does the fastigial nucleus project to? |
Projects to the vestibular and reticular nuclei in brainstem |
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Where do the globose and emboliform nuclei project to? |
Project to the red nucleus |
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Which of the mossy fibres, climbing fibres and purkinje fibres are excitatory and which are inhibitory? |
Mossy/climbing fibres are excitatory Purkinje are inhibitory |
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What are the main inputs into the spinocerebellum? |
From the spinal cord and trigeminal nuclei, along the dorsal column pathway Also has some input from auditory and visual systems |
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What are the two sections of the spinocerebellar tract? |
Dorsal - Inferior cerebellar peduncle projections, proprioceptive information Ventral - Project to superior peduncle, doesn't originate in Clarke's column |
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Where do both of the spinocerebellar tracts end? |
Both end as mossy fibres in the cerebellum |
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Name the 3 layers of the cerebellar cortex and give |
1. Molecular - outermost layer 2. Purkinje layer - middle layer 3. Granular layer - innermost layer |
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Which neuron are in the molecular layer? |
Stellate and basket interneurons. Both are inhibitory Contains dendritic arbors of purkinje neurons and parallel fibre tracts from granule cells |
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Which neurons are in the purkinje layer |
Only purkinje cells |
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Which cells are present in the granular layer |
1. Numerous tiny granule cells 2. Larger unipolar brush cells 3. Much larger golgi cells 4. Mossy fibres enter from pontine nucleus The granular layer projects parallel fibres to molecular layer, synapse with purkinje cells |
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Give 6 bullet points describing purkinje cells (APs, structure, neurotransmitter) |
1. Emit action potentials even without input 2. Profuse dendritic branching 3. Flattened 4. Run perpendicular to cerebellar folds 5. Create a net structure 6. GABA > inhibitory |
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How are the parallel fibres positioned relative to the purkinje cells? |
They run perpendicular to the purkinje cells |
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Where are the cell bodies of the purkinje cells? |
In the purkinje cell |
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Give 6 bullet points on granule cells (structure, input, output, axons) |
1. Few dendrites 2. Receive excitatory input from mossy fibres 3. Receive inhibitory input from golgi cells 4. Axons pass superiorly to enter cortex 5. Split to form the parallel fibres |
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Where do the mossy fibres arise? |
In the pontine & vestibular nuclei and the spinal cord |
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What connections do the mossy fibres make in the cerebellum? |
Excitatory connections with deep cerebellar nuclei and granule cells They project to deep nuclei via granule cells, purkinje cells and parallel fibres |
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Where do climbing fibres arise from? |
Arise from the inferior olivary nucleus |
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Where do the climbing fibres project to? |
They send collaterals to the deep nuclei and synapse on purkinje cells. Each fibre synapses on a single cell and each purkinje cell receives only one climbing fibre input, but they are massively excitatory |
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Describe the route of the olivocerebellar tract |
Olivary nucleus > decussate > raphe nucleus > inferior peduncle > cerebellar hemisphere |
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Describe the route of the vestibulocerebellar tract |
Pontine tegmentum > cerebellar cortex |
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Describe the route of the reticulocerebellar tract |
Reticular formation > vermis |
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Describe the route of the corticopontocerebellar tract |
Premotor area > pontocerebellar tract > contralateral cerebral hemisphere |
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Describe the route of the trigeminocerebellar tract |
Face (proprioception) > inferior peduncles > cerebellum |
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Describe the route of the cerebellovestibular tract |
Cerebellum > extensor mooscles (tone adjustment) |
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Describe the route of the corticonuclear tract What does it do? |
Cerebellum > brainstem (Motor function of oculomotor nerve) |
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Describe the route of the cerebellothalamic tract |
Superior peduncle > decussates > ventral anterior nucleus of thalamus |
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Describe the route of the cerebellorubral tract What is its function? |
Cerebellum > brainstem Motor systems |
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What are the middle cerebellar peduncles? |
Paired structures that connect the cerebellum to the pons Connect to contralateral pontine nucleus Receives input from the contralateral cerebellar cortex Mainly mossy fibres which synapse on granule cells - these fibres are also called pontocerebellar fibres |
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What is the inferior cerebellar peduncle? |
1. Structure connecting the spinal cord and medulla to the cerebellum 2. Made up of olivocerebellar fibres 3. Receives proprioceptive info from spinocerebellar, cuneocerebellar and trigeminocerebellar tracts 4. Efferent system is the juxtarestiform body, which sends axons axons across the midline |
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What is the superior cerebellar peduncle? |
1. The major output of the brain..?
2. Connects to midbrain via the thalamus (cerebellothalamic tract) and red nucleus (cerebellorubral) 3. Input from locus coeruleus and ventral spinocerebellar tract 4. Co-ordinates walking |
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What is the flocculonodular lobe? |
1. Involved in balance 2. Vestibulospinal and reticulospinal tract 3. Via fastigial nucleus 4. Cerebellar cortex not involved 5. Projects to cranial nerves: oculomotor, trochlear, abducens 6. Essential for vestibulo-ocular reflexes |
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What connections are there to the dentate nucleus and what does it do? |
1. Nucleus > VL, VA (can't work out what this stands for, goodbye 2.1) thalamus > motor areas 2. Motor and premotor cortex 3. How the cerebellum controls movement 4. Corticospinal and corticobulbar neurons involved |
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How is the cerebellum involved in cognition? |
1. The cerebellum projects to the prefrontal cortex via the thalamus 2. Thought to affect speech due to amount of muscles involved in speech 3. Receives noradrenergic supply - important for motor learning |
