Cerebellum

Front 1

The cerebellum develops from the ______.

Back 1

The cerebellum develops from the ALAR PLATE.

Front 2

All fiber systems except the __________ fibers are mossy fibers in the cerebellum.

Back 2

All fiber systems except the OLIVOCEREBELLAR fibers are mossy fibers in the cerebellum.

Mossy fibers also project to the deep cerebellar nuclei. Mossy fibers chiefly synapse on granule cells.

Front 3

Define:
Vermis

Back 3

Vermis: the midline of the cerebellum which divides the two hemispheres.

Front 4

All of the fiber systems are ____ fibers, except the olivocerebellar fibers.

Back 4

All of the fiber systems are MOSSY fibers, except the olivocerebellar fibers.

Front 5

What are the 3 major fissures of the cerebellar cortex and what do they separate?

Back 5

Primary - separate the anterior and posterior lobes
Horizontal: separate superior and inferior surfaces
Poterolateral: separates the posterior lobe from the flocculonodular lobe or vestibulocerebellum

Front 6

Two fiber types that synapse directly on purkinje cell dendrites:

Back 6

1.Parallel fibers
2. Climbing fibers

Both synapse on purkinje cell dendrites

Front 7

3 subdivisions of the cerebellar cortex:

Back 7

3 subdivisions of the cerebellar cortex:
1. Vestibulocerebellum - flocculonodular lobe
2. Spinocerebellum - vermis and paravermal zones of cerebellar hemispheres.
3. Pontocerebellum

Front 8

What neurotransmitter do Purkinje Cells use?

Back 8

GABA! (inhibitory)

Front 9

What makes Purkinje fibers of the Vestibulocerebellum special?

Back 9

The Vestibulocerebellum is the only part of the cerebellum where purkinje cells which project DIRECTLY to location outside the cerebellum.

The project to all FOUR VESTIBULAR NUCLEI via the ICP.

(Vest.Cerebellum. influences the action of vestibulospinal tracts for righting reflex and the stabilize head and neck for eye movements associated with gaze)

Front 10

Parallel fibers are the axons of ________ cells and course in the ________ layer.

Back 10

Parallel fibers are the axons of GRANULE cells and course in the MOLECULAR layer.

Front 11

Three layers of Cerebellum from innermost to outermost.

Back 11

Three layers of Cerebellum from innermost to outermost:
1. Granule cell layer (innermost)
2. Purkinje cell layer
3. Molecular cell layer (outermost)

Front 12

Outer Stellate Cells inhibit ________ cells and are located in the _______ layer.

Back 12

Outer Stellate Cells inhibit PURKINJE cells and are located in the MOLECULAR layer.

Front 13

What is Arbor Vitae?

Back 13

Arbor Vitae:
Cerebellar white Matter

Front 14

What are cerebellar glomeruli?

What 4 things do they contain?

Back 14

Cerebellar Glomeruli are clear areas in between clusters of granule cells.

They contain:
1. dilated axon terminals of mossy fibers
2. granule cell dendrites
3. golgi cell axons
4. glial capsule ensheathing 1-3

Front 15

What (4) tracts travel through
the Inferior Cerebellar
Peduncle to the
Cerebellum?

Name which are crossed or uncrossed.

Back 15

1. Olivocerebellar Tracts - Crossed
2. PSCT - Uncrossed
3. Cuneocerebellar Tracts - Uncrossed
4. Vestibulocerebellar Fibers - Uncrossed

Front 16

Olivocerebellar Tracts:
Crossed or Uncrossed?
Origin:
Termination:
Fibers:

Back 16

Olivocerebellar Tracts:
Crossed
Origin:Inferior Olivary Complex (vestibular nuclei, SC, and cortex)
Termination:
1) Vestibulo cerebellum (visular vestibular info)
2) Spinocerebellum (motor feedback)
3) Pontocerebellum (motor info)

FIbers: CLIMBING FIBERS!@

Front 17

Post. Spinocerebellar Tract (PCST)
Crossed or Uncrossed?
Origin:
Termination:
Info:
Fibers:

Back 17

Post. Spinocerebellar Tract (PCST)
Uncrossed
Origin: Dorsal Nucleus of Clark
Termination:Spinocerebellum
Info: Proprioception from lower limbs
Fibers: MOSSY

Front 18

Cuneocerebellar Tracts
Crossed or Uncrossed?
Origin:
Termination:
Info:
Fibers:

Back 18

Cuneocerebellar Tracts
Uncrossed?
Origin: Accessory Cuneate Nucleus of Medulla
Termination: Spinocerebellum
Info: Proprioception from upper limbs
Fibers:MOSSY

Front 19

Vestibulocerebellar Fibers
Crossed or Uncrossed?
Origin:
Termination:
Info:
Fibers:

Back 19

Vestibulocerebellar Fibers
Uncrossed
Origin: Vestibular Nerve and Nuclei
Termination: Vestibulocerebellum
Info: Vestibular
Fibers:MOSSY

Front 20

What tracts travel to the
Cerebellum through
the Middle Cerebellar
Peduncle?

Crossed or Uncrossed?

Back 20

1. Pontocerebellar Fibers

Crossed

Front 21

Pontocerebellar Fibers
Crossed or Uncrossed?
Origin:
Terminate:
Info:
Fibers:

Back 21

Pontocerebellar Fibers
Crossed
Origin: Pontine nuclei (with massive inputs from cerebral cortex)
Terminate: Pontocerebellum and Spinocerebellum
Info: Serve as a relay from the cerebral cortex to the contralateral spino-/pontocerebellum

Fibers: MOSSY

Front 22

What tracts travel to the
Cerebellum through the
Superior Cerebellar Peduncle

Crossed or Uncrossed?

Back 22

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract - Ipsilateral (crossed twice)

Front 23

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract (ASCT)
Crossed or uncrossed?
Origin:
Terminate:
Info:
Fibers:

Back 23

Anterior Spinocerebellar Tract
Ipsilateral - crossed twice
Origin: Intermediate song of gray matter of lumbar and sacral spinal segments
Terminate: Spinocerebellum
Info: intergrated whole limb Golgi tendon info from lower limb

Fibers: MOSSY

Front 24

What are the two types of
fibers that enter the
cortex of the cerebellum,
and where are they from?

Back 24

MOSSY Fibers - all afferents except for olivocereballear fibers

CLIMBING Fibers - from the inferior olive

Front 25

What three things does
the granule cell layer
contain?

2 cells types
1 synaptic structure

Back 25

Granule layer:
2 cell types-
Granule neurons, Golgi cells

1 synaptic structure- Mossy fibers

Front 26

Describe Granule cells:
Size:
Dendrite size:
Path of Axons
Where they synapse:

Back 26

Describe Granule cells:
Size: small
Dendrites: short dendrites
Path of Axons: axons ascend to the molecular layer and bifurcate to form a PARALLEL FIBER
Where they synapse: Form EXCITATORY synapses on Purkinje cell dendritic arborations

Front 27

Describe Golgi cells:
Size
Type of dendrite
Axon target

Back 27

Describe Golgi cells:
Size: Large neurons
Type of dendrite - Radiating dendrites
Axon target: INHIBITORY contacts on GRANULE cells in the synaptic glomerulus

Front 28

What 3 things make up a
cerebellar glomerulus?

Back 28

cerebellar glomerulus

1. Mossy Fiber axon terminals - excitatory synapses with Granule cells.
2. Golgi cell axon terminals -
inhibitory synapses with Granule cells
2. Glial capsule

Front 29

Where do the axons of the
Purkinje cell layer go?

Back 29

Purkinje cell layer axons make INHIBITORY synapses on cells in the DEEP CEREBELLAR NUCLEI or VESTIBULAR nuclei

Front 30

What neurotransmitter do Purkinje cells release?

Back 30

GABA..... (Inhibitory)

Front 31

Climbing Fibers:
Origin:
Function:

Back 31

Climbing Fibers:
Origin: Inf. Olivary Nucleus via Olivocerebellar Tract ONLY!!
Function: Climbing Fibers powerfully EXCITE Purkinje cells as well as cerebellar interneurons.

Front 32

Parallel Fiber:

Originate:
Function:

Back 32

Parallel Fibers:

Originate: Granule Cells
Function: Parallel fibers make EXCITATORY synpases with dendrites of Purkinje cells and interneurons.

Front 33

Basket Cells

Function:

Back 33

Basket Cells

Function: INHIBIT Purkinje cells by synapsing on the purkinje cell stroma.

Front 34

Stellate Cells

Function:

Back 34

Stellate Cells

Outer stellate cells make INHIBITORY synapses on Purkinje cell dendrites

Front 35

How do mossy fibers influence
a large number of Purkinje cells?

Back 35

MOSSY fibers stimulate Purkinje cells INDIRECTLY via the PARALLEL Fibers of GRANULE Cells

Front 36

What is the phenomenon of how mossy fibers influence Purkinje cells
called?

Back 36

Mossy fibers stimulate
Purkinje cells indirectly
via granule cells/parallel
fibers

“Signal Averaging” allows
Purkinje cells to process
large amounts of information
that is used for moment to
moment coordination of motor
function

Front 37

Climbing Fibers

Function:

Back 37

Climbing Fibers

DIRECTLY stimulate Purkinje (ONLY from Inf. Olive)

Front 38

Where is Cortical outflow
via Purkinje axons directed?

Back 38

1. Vestibular Nuclei
2. (4) pairs of Deep Cereballar Nuclei

4 Deep Cerebellar Nuclei:
Fastigial, Globose, Emboliform, Dentate (Fat Guys Eat Donuts)

Front 39

What neurotransmitter
do the Deep cerebellar
nuclei release?

Back 39

GLUTAMATE!

Excitatory!

Front 40

Why is the Vestibulocerebellum’s
output significant?

Back 40

The vestibulocerebellum is the only region whose Purkinje cells project directly to a region outside the cerebellum.

It has no projections to Deep CB Nuclei

Front 41

Purkinje cells of the
vestibulocerebellum
project ipsilaterally to:

Back 41

Purkinje cells of the vestibulocerebellum project ipsilaterally to:

all (4) vestibular nuclei.

Function: Extension of all extremities; Controls neck movements to stabilize the head for eye movements associated with gaze

Front 42

Purkinje cells of the
vestibulocerebellum
carry out which
functions?

Back 42

Vestibulocerebellum Functions:

Extension of all extremities; Controls neck movements to stabilize head for eye movements associated with gaze.

Front 43

Vermal Pathway-
Course:
Function:

Back 43

Vermal pathway-
Course: From the vermis (Spinocerebellum) to the FASTIGIAL nucleus via Purkinje cells. The Fastigial nucleus projects via the ICP to the Vestibular Nuclei and Reticular Formation

Funtional Region: Spinocerebellum.

Function:
Axial and proximal control of muscles to maintain posture and generate walking.

Front 44

Where does the fastigial
nucleus relay information?

Back 44

The fastigial nucleus
relays information BILATERALLY to the vestibular nuclei
and reticular formation through the ICP.

Function: Axial and Proximal Limb control to maintain posture.

Front 45

Paravermal Pathway:

Course:
Function:

Back 45

Paravermal Pathway:

Course: Purkinje cells in the paravermal cortex (spinocerebellum) project to the GLOBOSE and EMBOLIFORM nuclei

Function: Transmit-
1. Fine movemens of distal muscuature
2. Coordination and correction f ongoing movements

NOTE: The paravermal pathway
influences movement
on the IPSILATERAL side

Front 46

From the globose and
emboliform nuclei, where
does the information go?

Back 46

1. The info exits the SCP
2. Crosses the midline
3. Terminates in the red nucleus
and thalamus which projects
to the motor cortex
(Rubrospinal and Corticospinal Tracts)

note: the paravermal pathway
influences distal limb motor control on the ipsilateral side

Front 47

Lateral Hemisphere Pathway:

Course:
Function:

Back 47

Lateral Hemisphere Pathway:

Course: Purkinje cells in the pontocerebellum project to the DENTICULATE nucleus.

From the DENTICULATE Nucleus fibers course in the SCP to the Red Nucleus and Thalamus (Rubrospinal and Corticospinal tracts)

Function:
1. Influence planning of complex movements
2. Facilitate initiation of distal limb movements

Front 48

Where does the dentate
nucleus project to?

Back 48

the dentate nucleus projects
via the SCP to the:
-contralateral red nucleus
-contralateral thalamus
-a thalamic nucleus that
projects to motor planning
areas of the frontal cortex

Front 49

What are the two midline cerebellar lesions?

Most usual causes?

Back 49

What are the two midline cerebellar lesions?

Vestibulocerebellum - meduloblastoma

Spinocerebelum: Alcoholic degeneration

Front 50

Symptoms of Vestibulocerebellum lesion

Back 50

Vestibulocerebellum
1. Ataxic gait
2. Head Tremor
3. Nystagmus

Sympotoms improve when patient is recumbent.

Front 51

Symptoms of Spinocerebellum lesion

Back 51

Spinocerebellum
1. Truncal Ataxia
(a loss of coordinated muscle movements for maintaining normal posture of the trunk)

Front 52

I which midline cerebellar lesion do
symptoms improve when
the patient is recumbent?

Back 52

Vestibulocerebellum

Front 53

What are the results of
Hemispheric lesions?

Back 53

Hemispheric lesions
result in asynergia
(disordered movements)
of ipsilateral limbs

Front 54

Asynergia can results in:

Back 54

Dysmetria
-errors in distance of
movements
-intention errors
-disdiachokinesis
-speech disturbances

Front 55

Can cerebellar damage
cause paralysis?

Back 55

No, cerebellar damage
does not cause paralysis

Front 56

What are the (4) Deep Cerebellar Nuclei listed Medial to Lateral.

Back 56

4 Deep Cerebellar Nuclei
1. Fastigial (medial)
2. Globose
3. Emboloform
4. Denticulate (Lateral)

Front 57

In genreal: The cerebrocerebellum projects primarily to the _______ nucleus.

Back 57

In genreal: The cerebrocerebellum projects primarily to the DENTATE nucleus.

(Cerebrocerebellar pahways from dentate nucleus are mainy desined for the premotor and associaional cortices of the fronal lobe; motor planning)

Cross in SCP desussation.

Dentate nucleus also sends collaterals to Red Nucleus which relay to Inf.Olive (feedback loop)

Front 58

In genreal: The spinocerebellum projects primarily to the _______ nuclei.

Back 58

In genreal: The spinocerebellum projects primarily to the INTEPOSED and FASTIGIAL nuclei.

Spinocerebellar pathways are directed towards circuits of UMN that govern motor execution.
Fastigial nuclei project via he Inf.Cerebellar Pedunce to nuclei of he reticular formation and vestibular complex

Front 59

In genreal: The vestibulocerebellum projects primarily to the _______ complex.

Back 59

In genreal:
The vestibulocerebellum projects primarily to the VESTIBULA complex.
(For this reason, parts of the vestibular complex may be considred a functional and anatomical component of the deep cerebellar nuclei)

Vestibulocerebellum proections course through the inferior cerebelar pedunce and terminate in nuclei of the vestibular complex that govern the movements of eyes, head, and neck, compensation for linear and rotaional accelerations of the head.

Front 60

What two Peduncles relay inputs to the cerebellum?

Which one is only afferent?
Which one is afferent/efferent?

Back 60

Middle Cerebellar Peduncle - mostly AFFERENT

Inferior Cerebellar Pedunce - both efferent and afferent

Front 61

What pedunces relay info OUT of the cerebellum?

Which one is only efferent?

Back 61

Superior Cerebellar Peduncle - mostly EFFERENT

Inferior Cerebellar Pedunce - both efferent and afferent

Front 62

Vestibular axons from CN8 and axons from vestibular nuclei in the medulla project to the __________cerebellum.

Back 62

Vestibular axons from CN8 and axons from vestibular nuclei in the medulla project to the VESTIBULOcerebellum.

Front 63

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke (SC) and Accessory cuneate nucles (Medulla) project to the __________cerebellum.

What information do they convey?

Back 63

Dorsal Nucleus of Clarke (SC) and Accessory cuneate nucles (Medulla) project to the SPINOcerebellum.

They convey proprioceptive information.

(Proproceptive info from the face is relayed via the mesencehaic nucleus of CNV complex)

Front 64

The cerebral cortex projects (mainly) to the __________cerebellum.

Back 64

The cerebral cortex projects (mainly) to the CEREBROcerebellum.

Front 65

Most of the projections from the cerebellum to UMN in superior colliculus arise in the______ and ______ nuclei, which receive input from LATERAL/MEDIAL portions of cerebellar cortex.

Back 65

Most of the projections from the cerebellum to UMN in superior colliculus arise in the DENTAE and INTERPOSED nuclei, which receive input from LATERAL/MEDIAL portions of cerebellar cortex.