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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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CNS protected by
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bones
-cranium -vertebrae |
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3 meninges
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-covers the brain
-connective tissue coverings |
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3 meninges
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dura mater
arachnoid mater pia mater |
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dura mater
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most superficial
dense irregular connective tissue |
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arachnoid mater
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middle layer
web-like membrane of collage and elastin fibers |
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pia mater
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innermost layer
adheres to brain/spinal cord epithelial tissue interlaced with collagen and elastin |
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pia
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delicate
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cerebrospinal fluid CSF
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protects
carries nutrients carries wastes |
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CSF fills ventricles
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spaces in brain and between maninges
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CSF main role
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shock absorber
brain floats in CNS |
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creates optimal chemical environment
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for neuron functioning
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helps move things
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between nerves and blood
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CSF- secreted by capillaries whose cells
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are more tightly connected
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blood brain barrier
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prevents most viruses and bacteria from getting into CSF
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meningitis
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meninges swell due to infection
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spinal cord length
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42 cm long
2 cm thick |
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spinal cord main job
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relay info to and from the brain (main highway to and from the brain)
-spinal nerves branch out from spinal cord to serve all parts of body |
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ventral (anterior) roots
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messages leave via roots
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dorsal (posterior) roots
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message return via roots
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spinal nerve trunk
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is fused dorsal and ventral roots
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epineurium
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made of DCT surrounds each spinal nerve
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fascicles
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divided into bundles called fascicles
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perineurium
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made of dct surrounds each fasicle
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paralysis
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when communication highway is severed
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axons
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within each fascicle are wrapped in endoneurium
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ascending (sensory) tracts
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going up to brain
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4 main spinal nerve networks (plexuses) serve the body
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cervical plexus
brachical plexus lumbar plexus sacral plexus |
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cervical plexus
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skin/muscles of head, neck, superior parts of should and chest
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brachical plexus
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shoulders and upper limbs
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descending motor tracts
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?
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lumbar plexus
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anterolateral abdominal wall, external genitalia, part of the lower limbs
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sacral plexus
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buttocks, lower limbs
sciatic nerve |
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sciatic nerve
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longest nerve in body goes down to toes
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spinal cord
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reflexes (can work on its own)
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withdrawal reflex
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reflex arc
when contact made w/ something dangerous -split second saved may prevent further injury |
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the brain
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100 billion neurons
50 trillion neuroglia 10 to the power of 15 synapses more than stars in galaxy |
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the brain stem
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primitive brain
similar in all vertebrates oldest part of brain much brain activity is happening unconsciously |
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brain made in 3 parts
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medulla oblongata
pons midbrain |
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medulla oblongata
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contols life support functions
-heart rate -breathing -digestion -kidneys |
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medulla oblongata also initiates some reflexes
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-vomiting
-sneezing -coughing |
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pons
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bridge
relays signals between medulla and other brain regions |
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midbrain
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some relay functions
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tectum
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reflexes related to vision and hearing
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reticular formation
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needed to alert cerebrum (conscioius brain) to sensory stimuli
-keeps mind awake -only alerts brain to a small percentage of incoming data -turns off (mostly) while you sleep |
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cerebellum
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coordinates muscle movements
hand eye coordination arbor vitae (white matter) tree of life cerebellar cortex (gray matter) walking, coordination of movements take practice muscle memory |
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cerebellum continued
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hand eye coordination skills can be improved
-alcohol interferes with cerebellum |
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Diencephalon
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central core area
2 main areas= thalamus and hypothalamus |
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thalamus
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relays all incoming sensory data (except smells) to cerebrum
getway to cerebrum |
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2 lobes of thalamus connect via the intermediate mass
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interhalamic adhesion
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hypothalamus
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pain pleasure
hunger thirst sexual arousal bodys thermostat major endocrine gland major regulator homeostasis |
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Limbic system
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our emotional brain
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LIMBIC system cont..
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hypothalamus
olfactory bulbs (sense of smell) hippocampus amygdala |
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amygdala
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involved with memory storage and retrieval
emotional charge of event affects memory storage |
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cerebrum
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site of conscious thought
human cerbrum sets us apart from other animals |
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cerebral cortex
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where most activity takes place
50-80 billion neurons gray matter unmyelinated outer layer 4mm |
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wrinkles
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provide lots of surface area
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gyri
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the ridges
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sulci
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the grooves
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more wrinkles
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more brain power
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cerebrum divided into 2 separate hemispheres
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right and left
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corpus callosum
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bridge of nerves that connects hemispheres
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cerebrum divided into
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lobes (cortexes)
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frontal lobe
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higher thought processes and speech ( broca's area)
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frontal lobe cont.
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personalit
initiative reasoning judgment foresight planning, abstract ideas, recall of info, mood |
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primary motor area
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to move parts of body
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parietal lobe
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interprets some sensory info related to touch, temp and pain
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primary somatosensory area
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sensory data is interpreted
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awernickes area
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for written and spoken language comprehension
interpreting the meaning of speech |
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occipital lobe
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visual image processing
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temporal lobe
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primary auditory aria
primary gustatory area primary olfactory area |
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primary auditory area
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sound analysis
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primary gustatory area
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taste analysis
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primary olfactory area
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oder analysis
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cranial nerves
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nerves directly leaving the brain
main targets are in head and neck some have sensory function some have motor function some have both functions |
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high demand for fuel glucose
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must be met using active transport
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only lipid soluble substances have
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an easy time getting thru barrier (O2, CO2, alcohol, anisthetic drugs)
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