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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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at the end of glycolysis, how much of the chemical energy in glucose is still unused?
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90%
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because the final stages of cellar respiration require oxygen, they are said to be ____
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aerobic
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in the presence of oxygen, how is the pyruvic acid produced in glycolysis used?
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passed to the second stage of the cellular respiration, the Krebs cycle
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what happens to pyruvic acid during the Krebs cycle?
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broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of enery-extracting reactions
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why is the Krebs cycle aka the citric acid cycle?
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citric acid is the first compound formed
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when does the Krebs cycle begin?
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when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondrion
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what happens to each of the 3 carbon atoms in pyruvic acid when it's broken?
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one becomes a part of a molecule of carbon dioxide, and two are joined to a coenzyme A to form acetyl-CoA
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what happens to the carbon dioxide produced in breaking down pyruvic acid?
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eventually released to the air
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how is citric acid produced?
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Acetyl-CoA adds the 2-carbon Acetyl group to a 4-carbon molecule
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during the energy extraction part of the Krebs cycle, how many molecules of CO2 are released?
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three
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what is the energy tally from 1 molecule of pyruvic acid during the krebs cycle?
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4 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP
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when electrons join NAD+ and FAD during the Krebs cycle, what do they form?
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NADH and FADH2
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why is the 4-carbon compound generated in the breakdown of citric acid the only permanent compound in the Krebs cycle?
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it can accept another 2-carbon acetyl group and start the cycle all over again
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what is the electron transport chain?
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process that uses high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP
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what does the electron transport chain use the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle for?
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to convert ADP into ATP
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how does the location of the electron transport chain differ in eukaryotes and prokaryotes?
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eukaryotes: inner membrane of mitochondrion
prokaryotes: cell membrane |
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where does the electron transport chain get the high-energy electrons that are passed down the chain?
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from NADH and FADH2
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T or F:
hydrogen serves as the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain. if F, why so? |
F-oxygen is the final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain
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what is the energy of the high-energy electrons used for every time 2 high-energy electrons move down the electron trnasport chain?
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transport H+ across the membrane
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what causes the H+ ions in the intermembrane space to move through the channels in the membrane and out into the matrix?
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ATP synthases that spins. as it spins, it grabs a low-energy ADP and attaches a phosphate, forming high-energy ATp
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on average, how many ATP molecules are produced as each pair of high-energy electrons moves down the electron transport chain?
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three
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high-energy electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed into and along the ____ ____ ____
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electron transport chain
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the energy from the electrons moving down the chain is used to move H+ ions across the ____ ____
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inner membrane
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H+ ions build up in the ____ space, making it ____ charged and making
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intermembrane, positively
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H+ ions move through channels of ____ ____ in the inner membrane
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ATP synthases
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the ATP synthase uses the energy from the moving ions to combine ADP and phosphate, forming high-energy ____
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ATP
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what is the total number of ATp molecules formed during cellular respiration?
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36
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why can 18 times as much ATp be generated from glucose in the presense of oxygen than when oxygen isn't available?
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absence of oxygen -- glycolysis only produce 2.
oxygen's presence -- Krebs cycle and electron transport chain produces 34 more ATp more glucose molecule in addition to 2 ATp from glycolysis |
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what happens to the 62% of the total energy of glucose that isn't used to make ATP molecules?
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released as heat
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what are the final waste products of cellular respiration?
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water and carbon dioxide
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what are the three sources of ATP a human body uses at the beginning of a race?
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msucles
lactic acid fermentation cellular respiration |
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when a runner needs quick energy for a short race, what source can supply enough ATp for about 90 seconds? muscles for a few seconds, then the lactic acid fermentation
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muscles for a few seconds, then the lactic acid fermentation
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why does a sprinter have an oxygen debt to repay after the race is over?
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get rid of lactic acid with extra oxygen
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a runner needs more energy for a longer race. how does the body generate the necessary ATP?
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cellular respiration
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why are aerobic forms of exercise so beneficial for weight control?
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after 15020 mins of activity, body begins to break down other stored molecules, including fats, for energy
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