Cellular Respiration Chp 9 Terms

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partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen

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fermentation

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catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

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aerobic respiration

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some prokaryotes use substances other than oxygen as reactants in a process that harvests chemical energy without using any oxygen at all

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anaerobic respiration

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the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP

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cellular respiration

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oxidation reduction that involves the partial or complete transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another

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redox reactions

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the loss of electrons from one substance

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oxidation

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the addition of electrons to another substance

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reduction

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substance that loses electrons becomes oxidized and acts as an electron donor to the substance that gains electrons

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reducing agent

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by gaining electrons, a substance acts as an electron acceptor and becomes reduced

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oxidizing agent

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a coenzyme that can accept an electron and act as an electron carrior in the electron transport chain

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NAD+

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group of carrier molecules located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (or plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes), to a stable location close to a highly electronegative oxygen atom, forming water

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electron transport chain

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occurs in cytosol, breaks glucose into two molecules of pyruvate; occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration

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glycolysis

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chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; second major stage in cellular respiration

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citric acid cycle

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production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration

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oxidative phosphorylation

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enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP

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substrate-level phosphorylation

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the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

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acetyl CoA (Acetyl coenzyme A)

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iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells

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cytochrome

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complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. this complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.

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ATP synthase

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an energy coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. most ATP synthesis is occurred by this

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chemiosmosis

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potential energy stored in the form of an electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across biological membranes during chemiosmosis

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proton-motive force

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glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alchohol

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alcohol fermentation

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glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide

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lactic acid fermentation

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organisms that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration of fermentation if oxygen is not present (ex: yeast and bacteria)

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facultative anaerobes

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an organisms that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration; such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it

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obligate anaerobe

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metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA

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beta oxidation