Cellular Respiration

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Cellular Respiration

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-an ATP-generating process that occurs within cells
-energy is extracted from energy-rich glucose to form ATP from ADP and Pi

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Chemical eqn of cellular respiration

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C6H12O6[glucose] + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

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C6H12O6

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glucose

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CH20 or (CH2O)n

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glucose or carbohydrate

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aerobic respiration

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cellular respiration in the presence of O2

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Three components of aerobic respiration:

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1. glycolysis
2. Krebs cycle
3. oxidative phosphorylation

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GLycolysis

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the decomposition(lysis) of glucose (glyco) to pyruvate (or pyruvic acid)

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how many intermediate products are formed in glycolysis?

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nine
& each one is catalyzed by an enzyme

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How many ATPs are added in glycolysis?

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-2 ATPs are added
-The 1st several steps require input of energy. This changes glucose in preparation for subsequent steps.

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How many NADH are produced in glycolysis?

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-2 NADH are produced
-NADH forms when NAD+ combines with 2 energy-rich electrons & H+ (obtained from an intermediate molecule during the breakdown of glucose)
-NADH is an energy-rich molecule

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How many ATPs are produced TOTAL from glycolysis?

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-4 ATPs produced but 2 NET

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How many pyruvates are formed from glycolysis?

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-2 pyruvate molecules

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In summary, glycolysis takes one glucose molecule and turns it into:

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-2 pyruvate
-2 NADH
-a net of 2 ATP

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glycolysis takes place in the:

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cytosol (cytoplasm)

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The Krebs Cycle

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produces 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1ATP & 1CO2 for each pyruvate molecule= 6 NADH, 2FADH2, 2ATP & 2CO2

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the leading step up to the actual Krebs Cycle

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pyruvate to acetyl CoA
[pyruvate combines with coenzyme A (CoA) to produce acetyl CoA]
1 NADH & 1CO2 are produced also

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Kreb Cycle steps

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1. the cycle begins when acetyl CoA combines with OAA (oxaloacetate) to form citrate.
-there are 7 intermediate products
-along the way 3 NADH, 1FADH2 are made and CO2 is released

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FADH2

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-a coenzyme accepting electrons during a rxn

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Citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle

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Kreb cycle is referred to this because the first product made from acetyl CoA is the 3-carbon citrate (citric acid)

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Oxidative phosphorylation

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the process of extracting ATP from NADH and FADH2

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Electron transport chain

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-electrons from NADH and FADH2 pass along an electron transport chain
-the chain consists of proteins that pass these electrons from one carrier protein to the next
-along each step of the chain, the electrons give up energy used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP

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Cytochromes

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include nonprotein parts containing iron

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NADH provides electrons that have enough energy to generate ____ ATP

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3 ATP

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FADH2 generates about ___ ATP

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2 ATP

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The final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is ___.

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oxygen
-the 1/2O2 accepts the two electrons and togehter with 2H+ forms H20

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cytochrome c

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-is so ubiquitous among living organisms
-100amino-acid sequence of the protein is often compared among species to assess genetic relatedness

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Total ATP production theoretically

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36 ATP
Glycolysis 2ATP & 2 NADH (x3=6ATPs-2ATP (transporting to mitochondria for oxidative phosphorylation)
-pyruvate to acetyl CoA 2 NADH (x3=6 ATP)
-Krebs Cycle= 2 ATP & 6 NADH (x3=18 ATP) & 2 FADH2 (x2=4ATP)

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Which two major processes of aerobic respiration occured in the mitochondria?

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-The Krebs cycle
-Oxidative phosporylation

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4 distinct areas of the mitchondria:

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1. outer membrane
2. intermembrane space
3. inner membrane
4. Matrix

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mitochondria outer membrane

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this membrane, like the plasma membrane, consists of a double layer of phospholipids

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intermembrane space

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this is a narrow area between the inner and outer membrane. H+ ions(protons) accumulate here

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inner membrane

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this second membrane, also a double phospholipid bilayer has convolutions called cristae.
-oxidative phosphorylation occurs here
-within the membrane and its cristae, the electron transport chain, consisting of a series of protein complexes, removes electrons from NADH and FADH2 and transports H+ ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
-another protein complex, ATP synthase is responsible for the phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP

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matrix

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the matrix is the fluid material that fills the area inside the inner membrane.
-the krebs cycle and the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA occur here.

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There are two types of phophorylation:

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1. substrate level phophorylation
2. oxidative phosphorylation

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substrate level phosphorylation

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-glycolysis
-when a phosphate group and its associated energy is transferred to ADP to form ATP
-The substrate molecule (the molecule with the phosphate group) donates the high energy phosphate group

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oxidative phosphorylation

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occurs when a phosphate group is added to ADP to form ATP
-BUT the energy for the bond does not accompany the phosphate group
-INSTEAD electrons in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorylation supply the energy
-the energy is used to generate the H+ gradient which, in turns, supplies the energy to ATP synthases to generate ATP from ADP and a phosphate group

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What if oxygen is not present?

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If oxygen is not present, no electron acceptor exists to accept the electrons at the end of the electron transport chain
-NADH accumulates (NAD+->NADH); the Krebs cycle & glycolysis both stop (because both need NAD+ to accept electrons)
-No new ATP is produced and the cell soon dies

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Anaerobic respiration

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a method cells use to escape the death fate
-objective is to replenish NAD+ so glycolysis can proceed/resume
1. alcohol fermentation
2. lactic acid fermentation

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Alcohol fermentation

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-occurs in plants, fungi (yeasts) and bacteria
1. pyruvate to acetaldehyde [for each pyruvate=> 1CO2 & 1 acetaldehyde]
2. acetaldehyde to ethanol [NADH used to drive this reaction, releasing NAD+; for each acetaldehyde=> 1ethanol & 1 NAD+ produced]

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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-1 step
-a pyruvate is converted to lactate & in the process, NADH gives up its electrons to form NAD+