Cellular Respiration

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Acetyl CoA

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the entry compound for the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration; formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme

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Aerobic

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containing oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that requires oxygen

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Alcohol Fermentation

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a two-step process in which pyruvate is converted to ethanol; step one releases carbon dioxide from the pyruvate, which is converted to the two-carbon compound acetaldehyde; step two, acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol

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Anaerobic

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lacking oxygen; referring to an organism, environment, or cellular process that lacks oxygen and may be poisoned by it

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ATP Synthase

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a cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondria cristae (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen-ion concentration gradient to make ATP; provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitochondrion

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Cellular Respiration

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the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel

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Chemiosmosis

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the production of ATP using the energy of hydrogen-ion gradients across membranes to phosphorylate ADP; powers most ATP synthesis in cells

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Electron Transport Chain

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a sequence of electron-carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy to make ATP

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Facultative Anaerobe

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an organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present by that switches to fermentation under anaerobic conditions

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Fermentation

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a catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end-product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid

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Glycolysis

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the splitting of glucose into pyruvate; occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration

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Krebs Cycle

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a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose moelcules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration

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Lactic Acid Fermentation

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the process in which pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to form lactate as a waste product, with no release of carbon dioxide

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NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)

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a coenzyme present in all cells that helps enzymes transfer electrons during the redox reactions fo metabolism

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Oxidative

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the loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction

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Oxidative Phosphorylation

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the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain

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Redox Reaction

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a chemical reaction involving the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to one another

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Reduction

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the gaining of electrons by a substance involved in a redox reaction

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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation

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the formation of ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate substrate in catabolism