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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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acetyl CoA
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The entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme.
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aerobic respiration
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A catabolic pathway that consumes oxygen (O<sub>2</sub>) and organic molecules, producing ATP. This is the most efficient catabolic pathway and is carried out in most eukaryotic cells and many prokaryotic organisms.
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alcohol fermentation
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Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol.
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anabolic pathway
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A metabolic pathway that consumes energy to synthesize a complex molecule from simpler compounds.
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ATP synthase
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A complex of several membrane proteins that provide a port through which protons diffuse. This complex functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion (proton) concentration gradient to make ATP. They are found in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotic cells and in the plasma membrane of prokaryotes.
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beta oxidation
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A metabolic sequence that breaks fatty acids down to two-carbon fragments that enter the citric acid cycle as acetyl CoA.
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catabolic pathway
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A metabolic pathway that releases energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds.
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cellular respiration
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The catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules for the production of ATP.
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chemiosmosis
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An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis in cells occurs by this process.
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citric acid cycle
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A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing pyruvate to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; the second major stage in cellular respiration.
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cytochrome
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An iron-containing protein that is a component of electron transport chains in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells and the plasma membranes of prokaryotic cells.
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electron transport chain
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A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons during the redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP.
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facultative anaerobe
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An organism that makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but that switches to anaerobic respiration or fermentation if oxygen is not present.
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fermentation
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A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid.
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glycolysis
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The splitting of glucose into pyruvate. It occurs in almost all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or cellular respiration.
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lactic acid fermentation
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Glycolysis followed by the conversion of pyruvate to lactate, with no release of carbon dioxide.
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NAD+
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, A coenzyme that can accept An electron and acts as An electron carrier in the electron transport chain.
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obligate anaerobe
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An organism that only carries out fermentation or anaerobic respiration. Such organisms cannot use oxygen and in fact may be poisoned by it.
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oxidation
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The loss of electrons from a substance involved in a redox reaction.
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oxidative phosphorylation
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The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain; the third major stage of cellular respiration.
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oxidizing agent
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The electron acceptor in a redox reaction.
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proton-motive force
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The potential energy stored in the form of An electrochemical gradient, generated by the pumping of hydrogen ions across a biological membrane during chemiosmosis.
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reducing agent
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The electron donor in a redox reaction.
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reduction
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The addition of electrons to a substance involved in a redox reaction.
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