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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is apoptosis?
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programmed cell death
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In apoptosis, when does the nucleus get destroyed?
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last
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What is necrosis?
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cell explosion, not programmed
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In necrosis, when does the nucleus get destroyed?
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first
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What is the most common type of necrosis?
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ischemic
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What percent of cells die by ischemic necrosis?
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90%
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Is ischemic necrosis a good or bad prognosis? Why?
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good prognosis because architecture is maintained
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What would be the presentation of purulent ischemia?
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pus
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With pus present, what must the question answer be?
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a bacteria
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What would be seen with granulomatous necrosis?
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t-cells and macrophages
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If t-cells and macrophages are present, what will the answer not be?
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bacteria
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What does the nucleolus do?
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only 1 function- to make RNA
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What would be seen with fibrinous necrosis?
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fibrin deposition
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In fibrinous necrosis, what are the 3 main causes in order?
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collagen vascular disease (90%), uremia, and TB
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What is seen with caseous necrosis?
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it looks cheesy
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What is the only cause of cheesy necrosis?
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TB
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What is given for all venous clots?
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heparin
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Why heparin for venous clots?
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stops clotting factors
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What is given for arterial clots?
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aspirin
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What does tPA, streptokinase and urokinase all do?
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convert plasminogen to plasmin to bust up clots
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Within 3 hours of a stroke, how is tPA given?
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IV
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From 3-6 hours of a stroke, how is tPA given?
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intra-arterial (adjacent to clot)
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Within 8 hours of a stroke, how is the clot dealt with?
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surgery- embolectomy
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Fat necrosis effects what 2 tissues?
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pancreas and breast
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Where do we see hemorrhagic necrosis?
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in any organ with 2 or more blood supplies
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What 4 organs have 2 or more blood supplies?
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brain, liver, kidney, and GI
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What causes liquefactive necrosis?
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abscess
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Where are abscesses most common?
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brain
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Where are abscesses least likely?
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lungs
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After a clot has formed, when do free radicals build up on the flow side?
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3 hours
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If the clot has been formed for 3 hours and it is suddenly removed, what happens?
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reperfusion injury
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How do you differentiate between ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke on a CT scan?
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ischemic doesn't show up for 48 hours and hemorrhagic shows up right away
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For a disease that is uncommon, what is the standard incidence?
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1-3%
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If there is a familial link to an uncommon disease, what would the incidence be?
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10%
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What are the 5 symptoms of Turner Syndrome?
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webbed neck, cystic hydroma, gonadal streaks, shield-shaped chest, coarctation of the aorta
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What are the 3 indicators of coarctation of the aorta?
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notched ribs, cyanosis, differential pulse
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What is trisomy 13? 18? 21?
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13- patau (p for puberty), 18- edwards (e for elections), 21- down's (d for drinking age)
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What are the 4 P's of Patau?
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patau, polydactyly, palate is arched and peeing system is abnormal
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What is the classic symptoms of Edward's?
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rockerbottom feet
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How long do Edward's patients live?
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2-3 months
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What are the classic signs of Down's?
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hypothyroidism (50%), macroglossia, duodenal atresia, hirschprung's disease
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What are classic clues to Down's syndrome?
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mongolian slant eyes, widely spaced 1st and 2nd toe, simian crease
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What is the average IQ in the US?
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85-100
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What IQ is considered superior intellect?
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> 130
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What IQ is considered mild mental retardation?
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< 70
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What IQ is considered moderate mental retardation?
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< 55
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What IQ is considered severe mental retardation?
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< 40
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What IQ is considered profound mental retardation?
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< 25- need 24 h care, incapable of learning
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Down's pts. are prone to what neurological disease?
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early onset Alzheimer's
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Down's pts. have a higher frequency of what than the general population?
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AML
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What is the most common leukemia in the overall population?
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ALL
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What do 20-40% of all Down's pts. have?
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congenital heart disease
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Other than congenital heart disease, what other cardiac defects are Down's pts. prone to? What is the order of instance?
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endocardial defects- VSD and ASD, VSD, ASD
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What is more common, an ASD or VSD?
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VSD
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In cyanotic congenital heart disease, in order, what are the two common defects associated with Down's?
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Transposition of great arteries and tetrology of fallot
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How can you recognize cyanotic congenital heart disease?
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squatting child
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After 6 months, what is the most common cyanotic congenital heart disease? Why?
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Tetrology of Fallot because 75% of transposition babies die within 6 months
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What percent of Down's pts. have hypothyroidism?
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50%
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What are the classic signs of Down's?
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hypothyroidism, macroglossia, duodenal atresia, Hirschprung's
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What is the phenotype of XXX?
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normal female, 2 barr bodies
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What is XXY?
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Klinefelter's
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What does Klinefelter's look like?
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real tall male with gynomastia, small penis and testicles
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What is only having 1 X?
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Fragile X
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What does Fragile X present with?
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short, induced retardation, macrochordism (big testicles) and collagen disorders
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How can you isolate for Fragile X?
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using methotrexate
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What is Alzheimer's caused by?
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plaques of beta amyloid and tangles of Tau protein
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How is Alzheimer's treated?
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donepazil
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What is the #1 cause of induced mental retardation in the US?
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Fragile X
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