Cellular Function Chapter 3

Front 1

All cells are enclosed by a barrier composed primarily of lipid and protein called ?

Back 1

plasma membrane

Front 2

what are the functions of the plasma membrane

Back 2

transport of nutrients and waste products
generation of membrane potentials
cell recognition
communication
growth regulation

Front 3

purpose of the proteins in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane

Back 3

transport of specific molecules into and out of the cell
-function as enzymes or respond to external signals
- serve as structural links that connect plasma membrane to adjacent cells

Front 4

three types of Lipid bilayers are

Back 4

cholesterol
phospholipids
glycolipids

Front 5

The three lipid bilayers have a molecular structure that is

Back 5

amphipathic

Front 6

amphipathic means two ends which are :

Back 6

there is hydrophilic ( water loving) charged or polar end
hydrophobic ( water fearing)
nonpolar end

Front 7

Being amphipathic causes the lipids to form what :

Back 7

bilayers in aqueous solution

Front 8

what percent of the moss of a typical cell membrane is composed of protein?

Back 8

50 %

Front 9

what is the name of the protein that extends across the membrane bilayer and are in contact with both extracellular and intracellular fluids?

Back 9

transmembrane proteins

Front 10

transmembrane proteins functions are :

Back 10

transport of charged and polar molecules into and out of cells
- transduction of extracellular signals into intracellular messages

Front 11

The name for a long flexible rodlike shape that forms a supportive meshwork or cytoskeleton for the cell is :

Back 11

Spectrin

Front 12

the plasma membrane is composed of a ________ _____ that is impermeable to most _____ soluble molecules, including ions, glucose, and amino acids but Permeable to _____soluble substances such as oxygen and steroid hormones.

Back 12

lipid bilayer
water
lipid

Front 13

what is the function of the cytoskeleton

Back 13

organize organelles
maintain cell's shape
allow cell movement
direct trafficking of substances within the cell

Front 14

Three principal types of protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton are

Back 14

1. actin filaments
2. microtubules
3. intermediate filaments

Front 15

Actin ( microfilaments) are responsible for :

Back 15

cell movement
muscle contraction

Front 16

Microtubules

Back 16

organize the cytoplasm and its organelles
- guide transport of organelles
- guide equal districution of chromosomes during cell division

Front 17

Intermediate filaments

Back 17

exist between mirotubules and actin filaments and are strong ropelike fibrous proteins.
= mechanical support of the cell

Front 18

centrosome =

Back 18

cell center

Front 19

The ______ contains the genetic information for the cell in the form of DNA

Back 19

Nucleus

Front 20

Nuclear envelope contains the

Back 20

nuclear contents which consist of two concentric membranes

Front 21

Nucleus major function is to:

Back 21

preserve and protect genetic information so that it can be replicated exactly and passed on during cell division

Front 22

membrane network that extends through the cytoplasm and is present in all eukaryotic cells is the :

Back 22

membrane network that extends through the cytoplasm and is present in all eukaryotic cells
Endoplasmic recticulum

Front 23

the ER plays a central role in the synthesis of ________ components, including _____ and _______ for the plasma membrane and cellular organelles
- it also does synthesis of products that are to be _______ from the cell

Back 23

membrane
proteins and lipids
secreted

Front 24

The endoplamic recticulum is divided into :

Back 24

rough and smooth types

Front 25

Rough ER is :

Back 25

coated with ribosomes

Front 26

Ribosomes are :

Back 26

complexes of protein and RNA that are formed in the nucleus and transported to the cytoplasm

Front 27

Primary function of Ribosomesis:

Back 27

synthesis of proteins

Front 28

Smooth ER

Back 28

involved in lipid metabolism

Front 29

Smooth ER is present in cells that specialize in production of

Back 29

steroid hormones or lipoproteins

Front 30

Smooth ER is also useful by sequestering large amounts of calcium ions by pumping them from the cytoplasm. this is present in

Back 30

Muscle cells to help accomplish muscle contraction

Front 31

Lysosomes are

Back 31

membrane bound bags of digestive enzymes

Front 32

what is capable of digesting organic molecules such as proteins, nucleotides, fats and sugars

Back 32

Lysosomes

Front 33

what are the three pathways that lysosomes obtain the materials they digest

Back 33

endocytosis
autophagy
3? atrophy

Front 34

what are the final products of lysosomal digestion and what happens with them

Back 34

amino acids, fatty acids, and sugars which can be used y he cell or secreted as cellular waste at the cell surface

Front 35

mannose-6-phosphate is the commmon marker for

Back 35

lysosomal enzymes

Front 36

membrane bound bags of enzymes that perform degradative function.

Back 36

peroxisomes ( microbodies)

Front 37

Peroxisomes are important in the ________ and ________

Back 37

kidney and liver

Front 38

Peroxisomes are responsible for ________ various substances

Back 38

detoxifying

Front 39

Peroxisome pathway :

Back 39

contain oxidative enzymes--> break down organic substances --> creates h202 --> h2o2 is used by another enzyme catalase to break down other organic molecules and the catalase prevents excess accumulation of h202 by converting it to water and oxygen.

Front 40

mitochondria

Back 40

powerhouses of the cell

Front 41

convert energy to forms that can be used to drive cellular reactions

Back 41

Mitochondria

Front 42

ATP =

Back 42

adenosine triphosphate

Front 43

the matrix contains :

Back 43

concentrated mix of mitochondrial enzymes

Front 44

Mitochondrial enzymes are important membrane enzymes that exist within the numerous folds (cristae) to help with the respiratory cain which makes these enzymes essential to the process of ______ _______

Back 44

oxidative phosphorylation

Front 45

inner membrane of the the mitochondria is impermeable to small molecules and ions and _____ _______ are required to shuttle the necessary molecules across the inner mitochondrial membrane

Back 45

protein transporters

Front 46

ATP liberation gives you

Back 46

11 to 13 kcal of energy per mole

Front 47

the bond is hydrolyzed with the aid of _______ in a chemical reaction

Back 47

water

Front 48

ATP is synthesized primarily from the breakdown of ________ and ______

Back 48

glycogen and fat

Front 49

when ATP is liberated _______ throughout the cell capture the energy and use it to break or make other chemical bonds

Back 49

enzymes

Front 50

ATP is seen as "energy ________" ATP is spent in order to buy a specific amount of work

Back 50

currency

Front 51

ATP cannot cross the ________ membrane so each cell must continuously synthesize its own ATP to meet its energy needs

Back 51

plasma

Front 52

ATP cannot be ________ or ________ up

Back 52

borrowed or stored

Front 53

fat is stored primarily in ______ tissue and is released into the bloodstream for other cell when needed

Back 53

adipose

Front 54

Gluconeogenesis :

Back 54

during starvation body proteins can also be used for energy production as a result of this process

Front 55

the biochemical process whereby foodstuffs are used to provide cellular energy and biomolecules is called

Back 55

Cellular metabolism

Front 56

the two separate and opposite phases of cellular metabolism are

Back 56

anabolism and catabolism

Front 57

this is the energy using metabolic processes or pathways that result in the synthesis of complex molecules such as fats

Back 57

Anabolism (energy using)

Front 58

this is te energy releasing breakdown of nutrient sources such as gluces to provide ATP to the cell

Back 58

Catabolism (energy releasing)

Front 59

10 enzymatic steps to break the six carbon glucose molecule into a pair of three carbon pyruvate molecules - requires the use of two atp molecules in the early stages but produces 4 atp molecules in the later steps

Back 59

Glycolisis

Front 60

Glycolosis can occur during _____ anaerobic conditions such as occur whenever people may have respiratory and cardiovascular disorders

Back 60

anaerobic conditions

Front 61

the complete oxidation of glucose into co2 and h20 forms a total of 30 ATP MOLECULES
2 ATP from _______
2ATP from ______ _____ ___
the rest from ________ ______

Back 61

glycolysis
citric acid cycle
oxidative phosphorylation

Front 62

Cellular ingestion of extracellular molecules is :

Back 62

endocytosis

Front 63

Cellular secretion is called

Back 63

exocytosis

Front 64

The two types of endocytosis are

Back 64

Pinocytosis (cellular drinking ) ingesting fluids and small particles
Phagocytosis (cellular eating ) ingesting large particles

Front 65

the three types o transport proteins are

Back 65

1. ATP driven pumps
2. carriers
3 channel proteins

Front 66

Which transport protein is the simplest and forms a waterfilled pore through the lipid bilayer

Back 66

channel proteins

Front 67

electrochemical gradient occurs because of the differences in _____ and ______ charge or concentration of checmicals

Back 67

intracellular or extracellular

Front 68

Polar or charged molecules must cross the membrane via ____ channels or ______.

Back 68

protein channels or carriers

Front 69

Passive transport through membrane proteins is call ________ facilitated diffusion

Back 69

facilitated

Front 70

Secondary active transport occurs when _______ is not used directly

Back 70

ATP

Front 71

Primary active transport is when carriers use _____ directly

Back 71

ATP

Front 72

P type ATPase
Ftype ATPase
ATP binding case ( ABC) are the three types of

Back 72

active transport pumps

Front 73

sodium potassium ion pump serves to maintain low sodium and high ______ concentrations in the cell

Back 73

potassium

Front 74

for every _____ sodium ions out of the cell there are ____ potassium ions moved into the cell.

Back 74

3
2

Front 75

when there is no net ion movement across the plasma membrane, the electrical charge present inside the cell is called

Back 75

Resting membrane potential

Front 76

what is the major determinant of the resting membrane potential is the difference in the ________ ion concentration across the membrane

Back 76

potassium

Front 77

at rest the membrane is permeable to

Back 77

potassium but not other positively cations such as NA and CA

Front 78

Potassium ions remain on the ____ of the cell because of the intracellular ions (neg charged organic molecules such as proteins that cannot diffuse out of the cell.

Back 78

inside

Front 79

The __________ is responsible mostly for the long term maintenance of the potassium concentration across the cell membrane

Back 79

NA- K pump

Front 80

three ways in which cells communicate with one another are

Back 80

1. gap junction (directly connect the cytoplasm of adjoining cells
2 direct cell to cell contact or plasma membranes or extracellular molecules associated with the cell
3. secretion of chemical mediators ( ligands) influence cells some distance away