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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are organelles
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organelles are specialized structures that have specific shapes
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What is the cytoskeleton?
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skeleton of a cell (holds the cells together)
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What are microtubules composed of?
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protein called tubulin
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What do microtubules do?
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The help determine the shape and function in th intracellular trasport of organelles
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What are centrosomes
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they are dense areas of cytoplasm
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What are cilia and flagella
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cillia are hairlike projections and flagella is similar but larger and moves the entire cell (sperm)
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ribosome are tiny spheres consisting of ribosomal RNA andserveral ribosomal proteins; they occur freely or together with
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endoplasmic reticulum
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Functionally ribosomes are the sites of
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protein synthesis (where proteins are converted)
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Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)is a network of membranes that form
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flattened sacs or tubules called cisterns
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Rough ER is where you can find
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ribosomes
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What is the Golgi complex
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consists of four to six stcked flattened membranous sacs
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What is the principal function of Golgi complex is to
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process, sort and deliver proteins and lipids to the plasma membrane, lysosomes, and seccretory vesicles
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What are Lysosomes?
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are powerful digestive enzymes that clean out the cellular contents
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Perioxosomes are similar in structure to lysosomes but are
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smaller
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Mitochondria are little...
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power stations shaped like kidney beans
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Mitochondria are the site of
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ATP (how we rate energy in the body) (gasoline of the body)
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DNA is always located in the
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Nucleus
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Mitochondria is the powerhouse of
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the cell
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the nucleus is usually the most prominent feature of
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a cell
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most body cells have a single nucleus some red blood cells have
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none
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the parts of the nucleus include the
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nuclear envelope whis is perforated by channels called nuclear pores,nucleoli, and genetic material (DNA)
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Each chromosome is a long molecule of
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DNA coiled together with several proteins
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Human somatic cells have how many chromosomes
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46 arranged in 23 pairs
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What is an organelle
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highly organized sub cellular structure characteristic of shape
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cilia is numerous...
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short hairlike projections that extend from the surface
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Flagella
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are similar in structure to the cilia but are much stronger and move their entire body
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flagella are an example in the human body as...
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sperm
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cytosol is fluid from
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cytoplasm that surround organelles constitutes about 55% of total cell volume
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microvilli is nonmotile bicroscopic finger like projections of the plasma membrane involved in absorption they are abundant....
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on the surgace of the cell
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What does epithelial tissue ?
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covers the body surgaces, lines organs, body cavities, and ducts; and forms glands
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What is connective tissue>
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protects and supports the body and its organs, binds organs together, stores energy reserves as fat, and provides immunity
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What is muscle tissue
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it is responsible for movement and generation of force
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What is nervous tissue
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initiates and transmits action potentials (nerve impulses)helps coordinate body activities
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How are epithelial cells arranged
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in sheets either single or multiple layers
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Where is the apical surgace and a basal surface
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top of cell and bottom
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What does epithelial tissue adhere to
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connective tissue via a thin extracellular layer, the basement membrane
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Is epithelial tissue avascular or vascular
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avascular
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How does epithelial tissue exchange of materials between adjacent connective tissues
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is by diffusion
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Does epithelial have a nerve supply
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yes
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Functions of the epithelia include
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protection filtration lubrication secretion digestion absorption transportation excretion sensory reception and reproduction
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Name the types of layers of epithelial tissue
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simple, stratified, and pseudostratified
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Name the epithelial cell shapes
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squamous (flat), cuboidal (cubelike), columnar (rectangular), and transitional (Variable)
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Simple squamous epithelium consists of a
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single layer of flat, scale like cells
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It is adapted for diffusion and filtration and is found in
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the lungs and kidneys
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Endothelium lines the
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heart and blood vessels
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Mesothelium lines the
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thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities and covers the organs within them
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Simple cuboidal epithelium consists of a simple layer of
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cube shaped cells and performs the functions of secretion and absorption
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Simple columnar epithelium sonsists of a single layer of
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rectangular cells and can exist in two forms
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What forms can simple columnar exist in
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ciliate and non-ciliated
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Non ciliated simple columnar epithelium contains.....
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microvilli to increase surface and the rate of absorption
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Goblet Cells secrete
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mucus
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Ciliated simple columnar epithelium are found
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in the lining of the intestinal tract
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Cilia and flagella help
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move fluids or particles along a surgace
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Stratified epithelium have atleast two layers of
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cells
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Stratified epithelium is a more.....
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durable and protective tissue
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the name of teh specific kind of stratified epithelium depends on the
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shape of the cells
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Stratified squamous epithelium consists of several layers of cells in which the top layer of cells is
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flat and the deeper cells vary in shape from cuboidal to colunar
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the basal cells replicate by
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mitosis and ultimately work their way to the surface
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What is Keratin
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keratin is a strong protein that protects a cell
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Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is
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tough and repels bacteria
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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium does not contain
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keratin and remains most
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Stratified cuboidal epithelium is a rare tissue consisting of two or more layers of of cube shaped cells whose function is
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mainly protective
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What is transition epithelium
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consists of several layers of cells whose appearance is variable
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Transitional epithelium lines the
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bladder and portions of the ureters and the urethra
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Pseudostratified epithelium has only one layer but gives the appearance as
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of many
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Glandular epithelium is a
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single cell gland or a mass of epithelial cells adapted for secretion
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Endocrine glands are
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ductless and their secretory products (hormones) enter the extracellular fluid and diffuse into the blood
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Exocrine glands are
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sweat, oil, and digestive glands that secrete into ducts that empty at the surface of covering and lining epithelium or directly onto a free surface
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The structural classification of exocrine glands are
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unicellular glands and multicellular glands
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What are unicellular glands
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are signel celled such as the goblet cell
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What are multicellular glands
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are composed of cells that form a distinctive microscopic structure or macroscopic organ, such as sweat, oil and salivary glands
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Membranes are
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flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body
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What do epithelial membranes consist of
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epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer and include mucous membranes, serous membranes, and the cutaneous membrane or skin
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Where are mucous membranes found and what do they line
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the gastrointestinal tract and are usually found in areas open to the exterior
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The epithelial layer of a mucous membrane is an important aspect of the body's defense mechanisms, acting as a
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barrier to pathogens and a trapping surface for particles
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The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is called
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LAMINA PROPRIA
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a serous membrane, or serosa, lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and covers the organs that lie within the cavity. Name some examples:
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pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
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Synovial membranes line hoint cavities, bursae, and tendon sheaths and do not contain what
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epithelium
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Synovial membranes secrete a lubricating
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synovial fluid
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List three types of intercellular fibers in connective tissue
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collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers
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Collagen fibers are composed of the protein collagen, are very tough and resistant to stretching, yet allow some flexibility in tissue; they are found in
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bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
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Elastic fibers, composed of the protein elastin, provide strenght and stretching capacity and are found in
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skin, blood vessels, and lungs
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Reticular fibers, consisting of collagen and glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a strong, supporting network around
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fat cells, nerve fibers, and skeletal and smooth muscle fibers
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List the types of cells in connective tissue
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fibroblast, macrophages, plasma cells mast cells, adipocytes and white blood cells
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fibroblasts secrete
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fibers and matrix
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macrophages or histiocytes which develop from
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monocytes and are phagocytic
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Immature cells have names that end in
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blast
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Mature cells have names that end in
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cyte
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What cell produces histamines
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mast cells
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adipocytes are
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fat cells
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The ground substance and fibers deposited in the space between the cells are called
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matrix
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substances found in the ground substance include
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hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate
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the function of ground substance is that it supports
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binds, and provides a medium for the exchange of materials between the blood and cells
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Embryonic connective tissue is
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connective tissue that is present primarily in the embryo or fetus
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Mesenchyme is found almost exclusively
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in the embryo
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Mucous connective tissue is called
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Wharton's Jelly
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Wharton's Jelly is found
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in the umbilical cord of the fetus
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What are some types of mature connective tissue
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found in the newborn: connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, and blood, Subtypes include loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage, bone, and blood
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Loose connective tissue consists of all three types of fibers, several types of cells, and a
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semifluid ground substance
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Name a prime example of loose connective tissue
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areolar connective tissue
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What does the ground substance do
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it aids the passage of nutrients
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Where can you find areolar connective tissue
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in the subcutaneous layer
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What does Adipose tissue consist of
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adipocytes which are specialized for storage of the triglycerides
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Where is adipose tissue found
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it is found wherever areolar tissue is located
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What does adipose tissue do
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it reduces heat loss through out the skin serves as an energy reseve, supports, protects, and
generates considerable heat to help maintain proper body temp in newborns |
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Reticular connective tissue consists of
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fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells
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Dese regular connective tissue consists of bundles of collagen fibers in a regular and
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orderly, parallel arrangement
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Dense irregular connective tissue contains collagen fibers that are
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are irregular and are all over the place
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Where can you find dense irregular connective tissue
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found in heart vlaves, the perichondrium, the tissue surrounding cartilage, and the periosteum
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What does elastic connective tissue consist of
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elastic fibers and fibroblasts
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What does collagen consist of
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a dense network of collagen fibers and elastic fibers embedded in chondroitin sulfate
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Unlike other connective tissue cartilage has no
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blood vessels or nerves except in the perichodrium
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Chondrocytes occur with spaces called
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lacunae in the matrix
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There are three types of major cartilage, what are they
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Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage
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Hyaline cartialge is the most abundant but the
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weakest type of cartilage and has fine collagen fibers embedded in a gel type matrix
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Gibrocartilage contains bundles of collagen fibers in its
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matrix but as no perichondium
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Elastic cartilage contains a threalike network of elastic fibers within the
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matrix and it has a perichondium
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Elastic cartilage helps maintain the
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shape of certain organs
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Bone is
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osseus tissue
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What does bone consist of
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matrix containing mineral salts and collagenous fibers and cells called osteocytes
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Bone is classified as either
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compact or spongy
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Compact bone is the
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osteon or haversian system consisting of 4 parts
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The haversian system consists of 4 parts name them
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lamella, lacunae, canaliculi, and the haversian canal
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Lamellae are concentricrings of
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matrix that consist of mineral salts tha give bone its hardness
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lacunae are small spaces between lamellae that contain
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mature bones cells called osteocytes
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Canaliculi are minute canals containing processes of osteocytes that provide
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routes for nutrient and waste transport
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The central haversian canal contains
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blood vessels and nerves
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spongy bones has
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trabeculae rather than osteons
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If no trabeculae is mentioned than it is
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a compact bone
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Blood is a vascular tissue that consists of a liquid matrix called
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plasma
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red blood cells have no nucleus and they live about
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30 days
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red blood cells are called
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erythrocytes
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white blood cells are called
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leukocytes
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Platelets are called
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thrombocytes
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Thrombocytes function are
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blood clotting
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