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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Membrane
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A double layer of lipids and phosphates that cover the cell’s surface and is semipermeable, or selectively controls the passage of materials in and out of the cell. |
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Cytoskeleton |
This acts as the actual “vault” to protect the DNA that is inside. It is made mainly of a double membrane layer of Phospholipids. It also contains pores (tunnels) composed from proteins for molecules to travel through, such as nucleotides (from our food) to make messenger RNA. The messenger RNA leaves to help make proteins in the cytoplasmic “construction site”. |
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Nuclear Membrane |
This acts as the actual “vault” to protect the DNA that is inside. It is made mainly of a double membrane layer of Phospholipids. It also contains pores (tunnels) composed from proteins for molecules to travel through, such as nucleotides (from our food) to make messenger RNA. The messenger RNA leaves to help make proteins in the cytoplasmic “construction site”. |
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Ribosomes |
Not actually organelles These are cellular particles made of ribosomal RNA, and proteins. all cell types have them so that all cells can make proteins and enzymes. These are the sites of Protein Synthesis/Production. May be found on Endoplasmic Reticulum (Rough) or in cytoplasm. |
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
This structure helps with protein synthesis. (Provides a water free environment for protein folding.) Ribosomes are bound to the outside of the organelle and depositing the protein inside as it is made by the ribosome. Found in animal and plant cells |
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Mitochondria
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This organelle is involved in making energy by performing the process of Cellular Respiration inside it. Cellular Respiration is the process of taking glucose with oxygen and creating carbon dioxide, water and energy. This organelle has it’s own DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes inside it. This allows them to reproduce and to create the energy they need for the type of cell. Depending on the cell function, some cells have more mitochondria (ex: muscle cells in legs). It has a “Room within a Room” Appearance. Cristae – the folded inner membrane (The folding increases surface area for making energy). The space between the membranes is important in cellular respiration. Found in animal and plant cells |
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Vesicles |
Used to transport materials around and in and out of the cell. They are formed from the membranes of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Golgi apparatus. Found in animal and plant cells |
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Vacuole
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Storage structures for various products needed by the cell. Various types can exist (Food, Contractile, Central) Plant cells have large vacuoles. They store water to help keep herbaceous plants upright and sturdy. Plant cells have one large vacuole Animal cells have several very small vacuoles |
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Chloroplast(Plant Cell Only) |
These organelles are the site of photosynthesis in plants and algae. Photosynthesis is the process that plants use to produce sugar (food) from water, CO2 and sunlight energy. These contain the protein pigments chlorophyll. (“chloro” means green and “phyll” means pigment) The chlorophyll collects the sun’s energy during the day to power photosynthesis. Has it’s own DNA, ribosomes, and enzymes (ATP Synthase) too! “Room within a Room” Appearance too! Thylakoid – looks like a “green cookie rooms”. (Site of the light reaction of photosynthesis. This is where sunlight energy is converted into “batteries”. The “batteries” are ATP and NADPH. These “batteries” will be used to power the making of sugar in the Calvin Cycle.) Grana- is a stack of “green cookies” or thylakoids. Stroma- This is mostly watery space in between the thylakoids and outer membrane (This is where the sugar is made.) |
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Cell Wall (Plant Cell Only) |
Plant cells create this structure for protection and durability. (Basically, weight bearing.) Composition of most plant cell wall: Primary Cell Wall (Cellulose Sugar) (Found in all plant cells. It is not very strong by itself.) Middle Lamella (Composed of Pectin Sugar.) The Pectin acts as super glue between cells to hold them firmly together. This helps them grow tall. Secondary Cell Wall (Composed of Lignin sugar) The Lignin is found inside the primary cell wall allowing it to reinforce the primary wall. Thickest on the corners. This also helps them grow really tall.) |
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Golgi Complex |
This structure modifies proteins by attaching sugars to them It is like “Gift Wrapping” to disguise the protein for export through the cell membrane. They are also composed of flattened tubes also called cisternae (These look like a stack of pancakes.) Found in animal and plant cells |
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Lysosome |
They are involved in digestion and recycling (autophagy) of molecules. They are full of digestive enzymes. (Lysozyme is the name of the enzyme.) The organelle is composed of a phospholipid bilayer. Both animal and plant cells have lysosomes |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
This structure helps with the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Helps with carbohydrate breakdown. (Glycogen “stored sugar” to glucose “usable sugar”.) Helps to detoxify the blood. Liver cells and muscle cells have lots of SER. Found in animal and plant cells |
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Nucleolus
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Where ribosomes are made Found in animal and plant cells This is the site of RNA synthesis. (This is the making a cheap, disposable copy of DNA.) (We can make “messenger” RNA, mRNA, and send it to the cytoplasmic “construction site”.) Lots of these structures are present during repair. It also makes mRNA and other types of RNA molecules. |
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Nucleus |
The control center of the cell that contains the DNA DNA is the “blueprint for life” Both animal and plant cells have a nucleus because they are both eukaryotic |
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum |
This structure helps with the synthesis of lipids, phospholipids, and steroids. Helps with carbohydrate breakdown. (Glycogen “stored sugar” to glucose “usable sugar”.) Helps to detoxify the blood. Liver cells and muscle cells have lots of SER. Found in animal and plant cells |
