Cells Of The Nervous System

Front 1

What is the reticular theory?

Back 1

There is no separation of nerves, they are all joined together thru a network formed by branching dendrities

Front 2

Who created the reticular theory?

Back 2

Italian Camillo Golgi

Front 3

What is the "neuron doctrine"?

Back 3

Neurons are individual units and cells that are specialized in shape, structure, and function with the nucleus being the key component of the cell

Front 4

Who created the neuron doctrine?

Back 4

Spanish Santiago Cajal and British Charles Sherrington

Front 5

What is gray matter?

Back 5

The dark area of the brain that contains cell bodies

Front 6

What is the difference between neurons and neuroglia?

Back 6

Neurons are nerve cells and neuroglia are the supporting cells of the nerve cells

Front 7

What are the functions of microglia?

Back 7

Microglia aid neurons in oxygen exchange, removal of foreign bodies, repair, and myelination of axons

Front 8

What is the result of lack of nerve stimulation?

Back 8

Muscular atrophy

Front 9

Tubulin, Tau, and Actin cytoskeletal elements are all found in which part of the neuron?

Back 9

the axon

Front 10

Name the 3 areas where the tubulin cytoskeletal element is located in the neuron.

Back 10

The cell body, dendrites, and the axon

Front 11

Where is the actin cytoskeleton element found in the neuron?

Back 11

at the growing tip of the axon and the dendrite

Front 12

The function of the neuron and the growth of the neuron's axon depends on what?

Back 12

neuroglia

Front 13

neuroglia cells outnumber neurons in what ratio?

Back 13

3:1

Front 14

What is the function of neuroglia cells?

Back 14

To define synaptic contacts, maintain the signaling ability of neurons, maintain ionic milieu, modulate rate of nerve signal propagation, control the uptake of neurotransmitter, provide scaffold for neural development, and aid or impede recovery from neural injury

Front 15

How many estimated neurons are there in the brain?

Back 15

100 billion

Front 16

What is special about the neurons found in the brain?

Back 16

they have a greater range of distinct cell than any other organ and the cell population in the brain varies from region to region

Front 17

How do drugs and alcohol inhibit the limbic system?

Back 17

alcohol and drugs inhibit the neocortex, which can no longer suppress the limbic system, which is involved insexual arousal and sexual activity

Front 18

Describe Fusiform cells

Back 18

they are spindle shaped cells oriented at a right angle to the surface of the cerebral cortex

Front 19

Describe cells of Martioni

Back 19

small polygonal cells with few short dendrites and an axon that extends toward the surface and bifurcates to run horizontally

Front 20

Describe Horizontal cells of Cajal

Back 20

small spindle shaped cells that are oriented parallel to the surface

Front 21

What is the location of the peripheral layer?

Back 21

It is above the plexiform layer and is located outside of the brain

Front 22

What is the most superficial layer of the cerebral cortex?

Back 22

the plexiform layer (also called the molecular layer)

Front 23

What cell population can be found in the outer granular layer?

Back 23

small pyrimidal and stellate cells

Front 24

What is the 4th layer of the cerebral cortex and what cell type is present?

Back 24

The inner granular layer, which contains densely packed stellate cells

Front 25

What is last layer of the cerebral cortex called?

Back 25

Multiform cell layer

Front 26

What is a neural circuit?

Back 26

an organization of neurons that do not function in isolation, process information, and provide the foundation of sensation, perception, and behavior

Front 27

What is a neuropil?

Back 27

A synpatic connection that defines a neural circuit

Front 28

How do efferent neurons relay information?

Back 28

they carry information away from the brain and the spinal cord

Front 29

Give an example of a neural circuit.

Back 29

The myotatic spinal reflex (knee jerk reflex)

Front 30

what is the associational system?

Back 30

it lies between the motor and the sensory system and mediates the most complex and least characterized brain function

Front 31

What are commissures?

Back 31

tracts that cross the midline of the brain

Front 32

What is a tract?

Back 32

axons that are gathered together in the CNS

Front 33

Explain neuronal divergence.

Back 33

axons from one cells project into a larger number of cells

Front 34

Where are microglial cells derived?

Back 34

ectodermal tissue of the embryo, especially the neural tube and the neural crest

Front 35

What is a neural system?

Back 35

a circuit that processes similar types of information that serves a broader behavioral purpose