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45 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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2 subtypes of Epithelium
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1) Covering and Lining
(Protection, absorption, secretion) 2)Glandular |
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3 Classifications of Epithelium
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1) Epithelial (external body surfaces)
2) Endothelial (lines blood and lypmh) 3) Mesothelial (covers internal organs) |
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Layers of Epithelium
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simple, stratified, pseudostratified
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Cell Shape
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squamous
cuboidal columnar transitional |
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Simple Squamous Epithelium
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-single layer
-flat, scale like cells -adapted to diffusion, osmosis and filtration |
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simple cuboidal epithelium
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-lines ducts and is involved in active transport of materials
-secretion and absorption -kidney tubules |
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simple columnar epithelium
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-lines many tracts including respiratory and digestive tracts
-protect underlying tissues -can be modified to aid in food-related activities -Cilia: hair like processes |
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stratified squamous epithelium
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protection from wear and tear
basal cells multiply cells shift upward and outward superficial cells are flatter and older |
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stratified cuboidal epithelium
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rare type
primarily protective found in ducts of sweat glands, parynx, esophagus |
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stratified columnar epithelium
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uncommon
protection and secretion lines ducts of excretory organs apears more like transitional |
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transitional epithelium
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outer cell layer is large and rounded rather than flat
allows for distension line hollow structures that expand such as the urinary bladder |
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mesothelial tissue lines what 4 cavities?
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Peritoneal (abdominal)
Pleural (2 lungs) Pericardial (heart) |
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Loose Connective Tissues
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Areolar:
doesn't seem organized found just beneath the skin Adipose high concentration of fat cells looks like chickenwire, matrix Reticular |
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Fibers
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Collagen- WHITE
strong and stretch resistant, yet flexible Elastic fibers- YELLOW strong yet elastic, stretching up to 150% of relaxed length Reticular fibers collagen + glycoprotein. thin fibers. form networks with extensive branching. provide strength, support and form to many soft organs |
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2 types of Dense connective tissues
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Regularly arranged
Irregularly arranged |
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Regularly arranged
Dense CT |
adapted for tension in one direction
fibers have an orderly parallel appearance most frequently composed of collagen |
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Irregularly arranged
Dense CT |
Adapted for tensions occuring in varied directions
no consistent orientation of fiber bundles |
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Types of Dense CT
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tendons
ligaments fascia reticular aponeuroses |
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tendons
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tough, non-elastic (collagen), cords that connect
MUSCLE TO BONE MUSCLE to CARTILAGE |
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Ligaments
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An elastic band of tissue (elastin) that connects
BONE TO BONE BONE to CARTILAGE CARTILAGE TO CARTILAGE don't grow back if torn or damaged |
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Fascia
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membranous sheets that organize muscle fibers into functional units
casing, "saran wrap" (white collagen) |
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Reticular
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a delicate matrix or cells which have processes that extend in all directions to join the processes of neighboring cells
flat matrix like appearance |
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Aponeurosis
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A tendinous sheet that covers muscle and can connect muscles to the structures they more
(abdomen) Ex: Plantar aponeurosis |
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Cartilage
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A type of rigid CT
capable of growth able to withstand large forces of compression yet may tear easily |
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Three types of cartilage
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1)Hyaline
2)Fibrous 3)Elastic |
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Chondro=
Osteo= |
Condro= cartilage
osteo= bone Ex: condrocyte, osteocyte |
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Hyaline cartilage
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Most rigid
Covers articular surfaces of joints, providing a smooth surface for movement bluish |
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Fibrous Cartilage
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Mostly Collagen
support and fusion found in less movable joints pinkish |
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Elastic cartilage
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A lot of elastin (yellow)
Suport and shape black |
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Bone
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a rigid matrix
composed of bone cells, collagen fibers, and ground substance collagen makes bond strong inorganic mineral salts make bone hard |
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2 types of Bone
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1)Dense/compact
2) spongy/cancellous The two types interdigitate with each other along the length of the bone |
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Axial Skeleton
Appendicular skeleton |
Axial-skull, thorax
Appendicular-everything else |
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3 Joint Classificaitons
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1) Fibrous (synarthrosis)
2) Cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) 3) Synovial (diarthrosis) |
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4 types of Fibrous (Synarthroidial) Joints
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Immovable, joined by CT
1. Suture joints 2. Gomphoses (mandible & maxilla) 3. Syndesmoses 4. Schindylesis |
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2 types Cartilagenous (amphiarthroidial) Joints
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1. Synchondroses
temporary hyaline 2. Symphyses Permanent fibrocartilage discs Slightly moveable bones are connected by cartilage discs movement occurs by the compression of discs |
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6 Synovial (diarthroidial) Joints
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Freely moving joints
1. Ball and Socket (hip) 2. Hinge (elbow) 3. Pivot (1st and second vertebrae) 4. Condyloid or ellipsoid (wrist, jaw) 5. gliding or plane-(vertebrae and hands and feet) 6. saddle (thumb) |
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3 types of Muscle architecture
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1) Parallel
2) Radiating 3) Pennate |
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Parallel Muscle architecture
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muscle fibers run parallel to the long axis of the muscle
weakest- greatest range of motion |
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Radiating Muscle architecture
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Fan shaped with bundles of muscle fibers diverging or converging as they approach their attachments
greatest power Ex: hand |
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Pennate muscle architecture
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groups of muscle fibers converge onto a tendon, If multiple sections called bipennate, multipennate, or circumpennate
limited range of motion but BIG power has parallel muscle orientation |
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Muscle nomenclature
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ORIGIN=attachment that is FIXED
INSERTION= the attachment that is being acted upon |
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Class I lever
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Fulcrum is in the middle
Mechanical advantage- when force arm is longer that resistance arm Mechanical disadvantage- when force are is shorter than the resistance arm Ex: Elbow is mechanical disadvantage Ex: pushing on a door closer to a hinge or further away from the hinge |
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Class II lever
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Always a mechanical ADVANTAGE
like a wheelbarrow fulcrum at one end and resistance in the middle. Applied force at the other end Ex: calf muscle, jaw |
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Class III lever
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always a DISADVANTAGE
Ex: biceps muscle and elbow fulcrum at one end, applied force in the middle, load at the other end |
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Dendrites are...
Axon is... |
Dendrite= afferent
axon= efferent |
