Cells & Molecules - Chapter 3

Front 1

macromolecules

Back 1

A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction: a protein, carbohydrate, or nucleic acid

Front 2

Polymers

Back 2

Cells make most of their macromolecules by joiner smaller molecules into chains called polymers. Long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks struck together.

Front 3

Monomers

Back 3

The building blocks of polymers

Front 4

Dehydration reaction

Back 4

Cells link monomers together to form polymers by a dehydration reaction, a reaction that removes a molecule of water as two molecules become bonded together

Front 5

Hydrolysis

Back 5

Digestion process - Breaking down of organic molecules in food which are in the form of polymers that are much too large to enter your cells. You must digest these polymers to make their monomers available to your cells.

Front 6

Enzymes

Back 6

specializes macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells

Front 7

Carbohydrates

Back 7

class of molecules that range from small to sugar molecules, such as those dissolved in soft drinks, to large polysaccharides, such as starch molecules we consume in pasta or potatoes

Front 8

monosaccharides

Back 8

Simple sugar are the monomers of carbohydrates

(goes through a dehydration reaction to form more complex sugars and polysaccharides)

Front 9

glucose

Back 9

A six carbon monosaccharides that serves as a building block for many polysaccharides and whose oxidation in cellular respiration is a major source of ATP for our cells

Front 10

fructose

Back 10

an isomer of glucose

Front 11

disaccharide

Back 11

cells construct a disaccharide from two monosaccharide monomers by a dehydration reaction

Front 12

Polysaccharides

Back 12

macromolecules, polymers of hundreds of thousands of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions

Front 13

Starch

Back 13

Storage polysaccharide in plants, consist of long chains of glucose monomers.

Front 14

glycogen

Back 14

Animals store glucose in a polysaccharide called glycogen.

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

the most abundant organic compound on Earth and is the major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells

Front 16

Chitin

Back 16

A structural polysaccharide used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton, the hard case enclosing the animal.

Front 17

hydrophobic

Back 17

water fearing. pertaining to non polar molecules that do not dissolve in water (think oil in water)

Front 18

hydrophilic

Back 18

water loving. pertaining to polar charged molecules that are soluble in water

Front 19

fat

Back 19

large lipid made from two kinds of smaller molecules, glycerol and fatty acids

Front 20

unsaturated fatty acid

Back 20

A fatty acid whose hydrocarbon chain contains one or more double bonds is called an unsaturated fatty acid.

Front 21

Saturated fatty acid

Back 21

A fatty acid that has no double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain has the maximum number of hydrogen atoms attached to each carbon atoms

Front 22

trans fat

Back 22

the procession of hydrogenation creates trans fats, a form of fat that research associates with health risks.

Front 23

phospholipids

Back 23

the major component of cell membranes

Front 24

anabolic steroids

Back 24

synthetic variants of of the male hormone testosterone.

Front 25

steroids

Back 25

lipids in which the carbon skeleton contains four fused rings

Front 26

cholesterol

Back 26

common component in animal cell membranes and is also the precursor for making other steroids, including sex hormones

Front 27

Protein

Back 27

polymer of small building blocks called amino acid

Front 28

denaturation

Back 28

a protein unravels, losing its specific shape, and as a result, its function.

Front 29

amino acid

Back 29

an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomers of proteins

Front 30

peptide bond

Back 30

the covalent bond between two amino acids units in a polypeptide , formed by a dehydration reaction

Front 31

polypeptide

Back 31

a polymer chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds

Front 32

primary structure of a protein

Back 32

is the precise sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain

Front 33

Secondary structure

Back 33

Segments of the polypetitide chain coil or fold into local patterns

Front 34

Tertiary structure

Back 34

Overall three-dimensional shape of a protein

Front 35

Quaternary structure

Back 35

Proteins with more than one polypeptide chain

Front 36

Gene

Back 36

amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance

Front 37

DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)

Back 37

a double-stranded helical nucleic acid molecule consisting of nucleotide monomers A,C,G,T

Front 38

nucleic acid

Back 38

DNA & RNA are nucleic acids. The name nucleic comes from their location in the nuclei of eukaryotic cells.

Front 39

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Back 39

A type of nucleic acid consisting of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and nitrogenous base (A,C,G,U)

Front 40

nucleotides

Back 40

the monomers that make up nucleic acids

Front 41

organic compounds

Back 41

carbon-based molecules

Front 42

hydrocarbons

Back 42

only carbon and hydrogen

Front 43

functional groups

Back 43

groups affect a molecule's function by participating in chemical reactions.

Front 44

hydroxyl group

Back 44

consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn is bonded to the carbon skeleton. this group is called alcohols

Front 45

carbonyl group

Back 45

carbon atom is linked by a double bond to an oxygen atom. If the carbonyl group is at the end of the carbon skeleton, the compound is aldehyde; if it is within the chain, the compound is called a ketone.

Front 46

simple sugars contain a carbonyl group and several hydroxyl groups

Back 46

(good to know for test)

Front 47

carboxyl group

Back 47

consists of a carbon double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group. the carboxyl group acts as an acid by contributing an H+ to a solution and thus becoming ionized. Compounds with carboxyl groups are called carboxylic acids

Front 48

amino group

Back 48

has a nitrogen bonded to two hydrogen and the carbon skeleton. It acts a base by picking up an H+ from a solution. The building blocks of proteins- amino acids- contain an amino and a carboxyl group

Front 49

Amines

Back 49

organic compounds with an amino group

Front 50

phosphate group

Back 50

consists of a phosphorus atom bonded to four oxygen atoms. It is usually ionized and attached to the carbon skeleton by one its oxygen atoms.

Front 51

Organic phosphates

Back 51

involved in energy transfers, as is the energy-rich compound ATP

Front 52

methyl group

Back 52

Consists of a carbon bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The methylated compound in the table- a component of DNA-affects the expression of genes