Cells And Tissues Workbook Ohb

Front 1

What are the significant features and functions of the cell nucleus?

Back 1

Control Center

DNA of the cell

Front 2

What are the functions of the cell plasma membrane?

Back 2

Contains cell contents

Separates them from the surrounding environment

Sit of receptors for hormones or other chemical messengers

Front 3

cytoplasm

Back 3

Factory area of the cell.

Cellular material outside the nucleus and inside the plasma membrane. It includes cytosol, organelles and inclusions. The site of most cellular activities.

Front 4

organelles

Back 4

Metabolic machinery of the cell.

Each one carries out a specific function for the cell.

Front 5

ribosomes

Back 5

Made of proteins and ribosomal RNA that are the sites of protein synthesis.

Front 6

endoplasmic reticulum

Back 6

Mini-circulatory system.

Provides a network of channels for carrying substances, primarily proteins form one part of the cell to another.

A system of fluid filled cisterns (tubules or canals) that coil and twist through cytoplasm.

Front 7

golgi apparatus

Back 7

Modifies and packages proteins.

Generally found close to the nucleus.

"Packages" sent to it by the rough ER via transport vesicles.

Front 8

lysosomes

Back 8

Membranous bags packaged by the golgi apparatus with powerful digestive enzymes that cleanse the cell, digesting worn-out or nonuseable cell structures and most foreign substances. They are abundant in phagocytes, cells that dispose of bacteria and cell debris.

Front 9

peroxisomes

Back 9

Membranous sacs containing powerful oxidase enzymes that use molecular oxygen to detoxify a number of harmful or poisonous substances, including alcohol and formaldehyde.

Most powerful function is to disarm free radicals, highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can scramble the structure of proteins and nucleic acids. Peroxisomes convert free radicals into hydrogen peroxide.

Front 10

mitochondria

Back 10

Powerhouse of the cell.

Supply most of the ATP.

Enzymes in the fluid of mitochondria as well as enzymes that form part of protrusions in the membrane called cristae, carry out the reactions in which oxygen is used to break down food.

Front 11

cytoskeleton

Back 11

Bones and muscles of the cell - internal framework.

Provides machinery for intracellular transport and various types of cellular movements.

Made up of microtubules, intermediate filaments and microfilaments.

Front 12

centrioles

Back 12

Close to the nucleus and generate microtubules. During cell division they direct the formation of the mitotic spindle.

Front 13

cilia

Back 13

Whiplike cellular surface extensions that move substances along the cell surface.

Front 14

flagella

Back 14

Cellular surface projections that are substantially longer than cilia and propel the cell itself.

Front 15

solution

Back 15

homogenous mixture of two or more components

Front 16

solvent

Back 16

substances present in the largest amount in a solution

Front 17

solute

Back 17

components or substances of smaller amounts present in a solution. They are tiny and so they do not settle out.

Front 18

intracellular fluid

Back 18

Solution containing small amounts of gases, nutrients and salt dissolved in water.

Front 19

interstitial fluid

Back 19

Fluid that consistently bathes the exterior of cells. Contains thousands of ingredients including nutrients, regulatory substances such as hormones and neurotransmitters, salts and waste products. The cell extracts the exact amounts of substances it needs from this fluid at specific times, and rejects the rest in order to stay healthy.

Front 20

selective permeability

Back 20

A barrier allows certain substances to go in, and excludes others. It also keeps valuable cell proteins and other substances inside the cell and allows wastes to pass out of it.

Front 21

passive transport

Back 21

substances are transported cross the membrane without an energy input from the cell

Front 22

active transport

Back 22

transport process is driven by the metabolic energy (ATP) that the cell itself provides

Front 23

diffusion

Back 23

Molecules and ions move away from a region where they are more concentrated to a region where they are less concentrated.

Driving force is kinetic energy of the molecules themselves.

Front 24

osmosis

Back 24

Diffusion of water through the selectively permeable plasma membrane.

Front 25

filtration

Back 25

Process by which water and solutes are forced through a membrane (or capillary wall) by fluid (or hydrostatic pressure). It is a passive process and a gradient is involved. This gradient is a pressure gradient that pushes solute containing fluid, it filtrates it, from the higher pressure area to the lower pressure area. It is not very selective.

Front 26

phagocytosis

Back 26

Form of endocytosis. ATP acquiring process that takes up or engulfs relatively large particles such as bacteria or dead body cells, then separates them from the external environment by flowing cytoplasmatic extensions called pseudopods. It means cell eating. It is a specialized activity of a few cells, a protective and not a nutrient acquisition mechanism.

Front 27

pinocytosis

Back 27

Cell drinking.

Another form of endocytosis. Consumes ATP where the cell gulps droplets of extracellular fluid. Plasma membrane indents for forma tiny pit, and then its edges fuse around the droplet of extracellular fluid containing dissolved proteins or fats. It is a routine activity of most cells.

Front 28

isotonic

Back 28

Have the same solute and water concentrations as cells do. They cause no visible changes in cells. When they are infused into the bloodstream, RBCs retain their normal size and disclike shape.

(ex: Interstitial fluid and most IV fluids)

Front 29

hypertonic

Back 29

Contain more solutes (dissolved substances) than there are inside the cells. With these solutions cells will shrink because water is in higher concentration inside than outside the cell, so it leaves the cell. These solutions are sometimes given to patients with edema because they draw water away from the tissue spaces into the bloodstream so that kidneys can eliminate the excess fluid.

Front 30

hypotonic

Back 30

Solutions that contain fewer solutes, and therefore more water than the cell does. When cells are placed in ________ solutions they plump up rapidly. Distilled water is the most excess type of _______ solution because it contains no solutes at all water will enter cells until they burst. They are used in IV therapy to rehydrate the tissues of extremely dehydrated patients.