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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Physiology
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the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes
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Homeostasis (Homeo-? and stasis-?)
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maintenance of the relatively stable internal environment
"the same" and "to stand or stay" |
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Cell
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building blocks of life; vehicle for hereditary info that defines the species
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Number of body systems
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11; work together to create homeostasis
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Name the levels of Organization
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chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ sys, organism
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Most cells are in contact with?
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extracellular fluid
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The body cells can live and function only when the internal environment or extracellular fluid is ___.
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compatible with their survival
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Pathophyhsiology
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the study of body functions in a disease state
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Name the main cavities of the body
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1. Cranial cavity
2. Thoracic cavity (contains pleural and pericardial sac) 3. Abdominopelvic cavity (contains abdominal and pelvic cavity) |
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Peritoneum
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a tissue that lines the abdomen and surrounds the organs within it
Including: stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen" |
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Are all lumens in contact with the external environment?
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Yes, some but not all; example is bacteria in a colon or food in the esophagus
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What % of human body weight is ICF? IF? and Plasma?
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40%
16% 4% |
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Membranes refer to ___ or ___.
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a thin tissue layer (pericardial membrane)
or to the phospholipid bilayer surrounding every cell (cell membrane) |
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List the four main functions of a cell membrane.
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1. Physical isolation (barrier)
2. Structural support of organelles 3. Exchange of materials w/ external environment 4. Exchange of information w/ external environment |
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3 types of lipids that make up the cell membranes
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phospholipids
sphingolipids cholestrol |
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What are phospholipids?
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most abundant type of lipid; forms the bilayer wall; polar heads and nonpolar tails
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What kinds of material are highly permeable to the phospholipid bilayer? Which are not?
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lipid soluble (lipodphilic) molecules
water soluble (hydrophilic) exception is water, which is polar and travels by osmosis |
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Amphipathic lipids
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molecules that are mostly lipid-like in structure, but at one end have a region that is polar or ionic; they cluster together to from hydrogen bonds
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What are two types of phospholipids?
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1. Micelles (help in lipid absorption)
2. Liposomes (mostly used for delivery of drugs) |
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What are glycolipids?
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lipids with attached carbohydrates (chains of sugar molecules); exterior surface; function as antigens, cell identification markers, and receptors
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How many cholesterol molecules can fit in the lipid bilayer?
The more cholesterol results in ____. |
one for each phospholipid
less permeability |
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How is cholesterol synthesizes? and what does it serve as?
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by the liver cells
a precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones |
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Atherosclerosis
What does this result in? |
the formation of cholesterol plaque due to its accumulation in the vascular endothelium;
most common cause of MI; it can result in stenosis of arteries and ischemia |
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3 groups of proteins
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1. Integral- deep in phospholipid bilayer
2. Peripheral- external surface of the cell 3. Lipid anchored- attached to a lipid tail |
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What is the purpose of a channel? transporter or carrier protein?
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it is an integral protein; regulates pores that control flux of ions and water in or out of cells
transports glucose, amino acids, and more which cannot diffuse across (only one side is open at a time) |
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What is the purpose of a receptor?
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it is an integral protein; reception of signals by binding external chemicals or ligands (neurotransmitters)
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List 4 types of receptors
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1. Receptor channel
2. Receptor-enzyme (ex is Insulin) 3. G protein-coupled receptors (ex is dopamine, olfactory) 4. Integrin receptors (cell growth and division) |
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What are structural proteins? Cadherins?
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connection of cell membrane to another cell; the glue that keeps the cells connected
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What do glycoproteins do?
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They are cell identity markers
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Good fluidity of a membrane is dependent on ___, ___, ___, and ___.
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heat, lipid content, low cholesterol, and no saturation of tail fatty acids
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Cytoplasm contains 3 things
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1. Cytosol
2. Membranous organelles 3. Inclusions (flagella, lipid droplets, etc) |
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Ribosome
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small dense granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the directions of the cell's DNA
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Proteasome
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enzymes the target protein degradation (proteolysis)
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3 main classes of protein fibers that make up the Cytoskeleton
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1. Microfillament (actin filaments) - smallest
2. Microtubules (keratin)- play large role in cell division 3. Intermediate filaments (tubulin)- largest |
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What is the core made up of inside cilia and flagella? What is the arrangement?
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microtubules and dynein (motor protein; arms attach to microtubules)
9 (used) + 2 (unused) axonemes |
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What does a defective dynenin arm cause?
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Lack or poorly structured cilia and flagella; infertility, respiratory, sinus problems
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How does the cytoskeleton play a role in the shape of the cell?
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microvilli- increase surface area
microfillaments- create a network microtubules- largest fiber intermediate filaments- include myosin and keratin |
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List 3 motor proteins
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1. myosin
2. kinesins 3. dyneins All facilitate intracellular transport by using ATP to slide to step along cytoskeleton fibers (haul cargo) |
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Microtubues of the neuron transport material on the ___.
Movement is driven by 3 motor proteins. |
axon-axoplasmic transport
1. kinesins powers 2. anterograde transport 3. dynein powers retrograde transport |
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Presence of keratin in cancerous cells indicates ___.
What are sarcomas? |
epithelium-dervied tumors, or carcinomas
intermediate filaments; tumors arise from transformed cells |
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Mitochondria
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cells powerhouse; generates ATP, have their own unique DNA, can replicate themselves even if cell is not undergoing cell division
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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smooth ER- synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and lipids
rough ER- protein synthesis; they are assembled on ribosomes and inserted into the rER luman |
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Golgi Complex
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receives proteins made on rER, modifies, stores, and packages them into vesicles
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Lysosomes
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use powerful enzymes to breakdown bacteria or old organelles; active at pH 4.8-5
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Peroxisomes
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they degrade long chain fatty acids and potentially toxic foreign substances; converts H202 ----> 02 and H20
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4 Types of human tissues
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epithelium, connective, muscle, and nerve
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What is the extracellular matrix made up of?
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protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and ground substances (hydrophillic anionic macromolecules)
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3 Types of cell junctions
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1. anchoring junctions - attach cells to each other
2. tight junctions - restrict movement between cells 3. gap junctions - communication between cells and traveling smaller than 1000 daltons |
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4 Major cell adhesion molecules
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1. cadherins - cell to cell junctions; desmosomes (anchor cells together)
2. Integrins - found in cell matrixes; signaling 3. Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs - nerve growth 4. Selectins - temporary cell to cell adhesion |
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What happens when there are problems with specific integrins (hemidemosomes) and cadherin (desomsomes)?
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skin, oral, mucosal, and corneal lesions
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