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50 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Physiology
the study of the normal functioning of a living organism and its component parts, including all its chemical and physical processes
Homeostasis (Homeo-? and stasis-?)
maintenance of the relatively stable internal environment
"the same" and "to stand or stay"
Cell
building blocks of life; vehicle for hereditary info that defines the species
Number of body systems
11; work together to create homeostasis
Name the levels of Organization
chemical, cellular, tissues, organs, organ sys, organism
Most cells are in contact with?
extracellular fluid
The body cells can live and function only when the internal environment or extracellular fluid is ___.
compatible with their survival
Pathophyhsiology
the study of body functions in a disease state
Name the main cavities of the body
1. Cranial cavity
2. Thoracic cavity (contains pleural and pericardial sac)
3. Abdominopelvic cavity (contains abdominal and pelvic cavity)
Peritoneum
a tissue that lines the abdomen and surrounds the organs within it

Including: stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, and spleen"
Are all lumens in contact with the external environment?
Yes, some but not all; example is bacteria in a colon or food in the esophagus
What % of human body weight is ICF? IF? and Plasma?
40%
16%
4%
Membranes refer to ___ or ___.
a thin tissue layer (pericardial membrane)
or
to the phospholipid bilayer surrounding every cell (cell membrane)
List the four main functions of a cell membrane.
1. Physical isolation (barrier)
2. Structural support of organelles
3. Exchange of materials w/ external environment
4. Exchange of information w/ external environment
3 types of lipids that make up the cell membranes
phospholipids
sphingolipids
cholestrol
What are phospholipids?
most abundant type of lipid; forms the bilayer wall; polar heads and nonpolar tails
What kinds of material are highly permeable to the phospholipid bilayer? Which are not?
lipid soluble (lipodphilic) molecules
water soluble (hydrophilic) exception is water, which is polar and travels by osmosis
Amphipathic lipids
molecules that are mostly lipid-like in structure, but at one end have a region that is polar or ionic; they cluster together to from hydrogen bonds
What are two types of phospholipids?
1. Micelles (help in lipid absorption)
2. Liposomes (mostly used for delivery of drugs)
What are glycolipids?
lipids with attached carbohydrates (chains of sugar molecules); exterior surface; function as antigens, cell identification markers, and receptors
How many cholesterol molecules can fit in the lipid bilayer?

The more cholesterol results in ____.
one for each phospholipid

less permeability
How is cholesterol synthesizes? and what does it serve as?
by the liver cells

a precursor for bile acids and steroid hormones
Atherosclerosis

What does this result in?
the formation of cholesterol plaque due to its accumulation in the vascular endothelium;

most common cause of MI; it can result in stenosis of arteries and ischemia
3 groups of proteins
1. Integral- deep in phospholipid bilayer
2. Peripheral- external surface of the cell
3. Lipid anchored- attached to a lipid tail
What is the purpose of a channel? transporter or carrier protein?
it is an integral protein; regulates pores that control flux of ions and water in or out of cells
transports glucose, amino acids, and more which cannot diffuse across (only one side is open at a time)
What is the purpose of a receptor?
it is an integral protein; reception of signals by binding external chemicals or ligands (neurotransmitters)
List 4 types of receptors
1. Receptor channel
2. Receptor-enzyme (ex is Insulin)
3. G protein-coupled receptors (ex is dopamine, olfactory)
4. Integrin receptors (cell growth and division)
What are structural proteins? Cadherins?
connection of cell membrane to another cell; the glue that keeps the cells connected
What do glycoproteins do?
They are cell identity markers
Good fluidity of a membrane is dependent on ___, ___, ___, and ___.
heat, lipid content, low cholesterol, and no saturation of tail fatty acids
Cytoplasm contains 3 things
1. Cytosol
2. Membranous organelles
3. Inclusions (flagella, lipid droplets, etc)
Ribosome
small dense granules of RNA and protein that manufacture proteins under the directions of the cell's DNA
Proteasome
enzymes the target protein degradation (proteolysis)
3 main classes of protein fibers that make up the Cytoskeleton
1. Microfillament (actin filaments) - smallest
2. Microtubules (keratin)- play large role in cell division
3. Intermediate filaments (tubulin)- largest
What is the core made up of inside cilia and flagella? What is the arrangement?
microtubules and dynein (motor protein; arms attach to microtubules)
9 (used) + 2 (unused) axonemes
What does a defective dynenin arm cause?
Lack or poorly structured cilia and flagella; infertility, respiratory, sinus problems
How does the cytoskeleton play a role in the shape of the cell?
microvilli- increase surface area
microfillaments- create a network
microtubules- largest fiber
intermediate filaments- include myosin and keratin
List 3 motor proteins
1. myosin
2. kinesins
3. dyneins
All facilitate intracellular transport by using ATP to slide to step along cytoskeleton fibers (haul cargo)
Microtubues of the neuron transport material on the ___.
Movement is driven by 3 motor proteins.
axon-axoplasmic transport
1. kinesins powers
2. anterograde transport
3. dynein powers retrograde transport
Presence of keratin in cancerous cells indicates ___.

What are sarcomas?
epithelium-dervied tumors, or carcinomas

intermediate filaments; tumors arise from transformed cells
Mitochondria
cells powerhouse; generates ATP, have their own unique DNA, can replicate themselves even if cell is not undergoing cell division
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
smooth ER- synthesis of fatty acids, steroids, and lipids
rough ER- protein synthesis; they are assembled on ribosomes and inserted into the rER luman
Golgi Complex
receives proteins made on rER, modifies, stores, and packages them into vesicles
Lysosomes
use powerful enzymes to breakdown bacteria or old organelles; active at pH 4.8-5
Peroxisomes
they degrade long chain fatty acids and potentially toxic foreign substances; converts H202 ----> 02 and H20
4 Types of human tissues
epithelium, connective, muscle, and nerve
What is the extracellular matrix made up of?
protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) and ground substances (hydrophillic anionic macromolecules)
3 Types of cell junctions
1. anchoring junctions - attach cells to each other
2. tight junctions - restrict movement between cells
3. gap junctions - communication between cells and traveling smaller than 1000 daltons
4 Major cell adhesion molecules
1. cadherins - cell to cell junctions; desmosomes (anchor cells together)
2. Integrins - found in cell matrixes; signaling
3. Immunoglobulin superfamily CAMs - nerve growth
4. Selectins - temporary cell to cell adhesion
What happens when there are problems with specific integrins (hemidemosomes) and cadherin (desomsomes)?
skin, oral, mucosal, and corneal lesions