Cells And Tissue

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Cell division

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Cells come from other cells through this process

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Plasma membrane

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Cell membrane that separates the inside from the outside

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Cytoplasm

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Contains the orgenelles

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Nucleus

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Controls the cell activities

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Orgenelle

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A membrane bound structure with a cell that carries out specific functions

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Parts of a cell...

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...

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Flagellum

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Moves the entire cell and is only present in some cells

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Cilia

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Projections from the cell membrane that move material along cells surface and are present only in some cells

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Centrosomes

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Array of microtubules and proteins that move material and microfilaments during cell division

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Cytosol

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The fluid inside the cell where most of the chemical reactions occur

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Lysosomes

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Where ingested material and worn out organelles are digested

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

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Membrane system that makes up the fatty acids and stations detoxifies drugs and stores calcium ions for intercellular signaling

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Rough endoplasmic Raticulum

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Membrane system attached to ribosomes whe r new proteins and phospholipids are made

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Nucleus

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A large structure consisting of a nuclear envelope with pores: contains the genetic material that controls and directs cell activities

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Ribosomes

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Floating fiercely in the cytosol, involved in making new proteins

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Plasma membrane

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Lipid bilayer barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside; controls the flow of materials into and out of the cell and plays a role and communication

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Golgi complex

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Relay station where newly made proteins are processed and stored in various destinations within the cell

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Mitochondrion

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Folded i,error membrane surrounded by smooth outer membrane; makes cells ATP

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Lipid bilayer

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Flexible barrier made of two layers of phospholipids

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Glycolipids

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Other lipids within the bilayer

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Integral proteins

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Proteins are firmly embedded into the bilayer

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Peripheral n proteins

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Proteins are loosely embedded into the bilayer

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Glycoproteins s

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Sugar attachments

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Plasma membrane

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Has four basic fuctions

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1. Function

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Barrier that seprat ed the inside of the cell from its surrondings

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2. Function

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Transport proteins ; bilayer controls the flow of material into and out of cell via selective permeability

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3. Function

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External glycolipids on the plasma membrane help identify the cell to immune cells

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4. Function

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Receptor proteins and some enzymes participate in intercellular signaling

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What is selective permeability

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Property of a membrane that allows some substances to pass through but not oth r s

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Cytoskeleton

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Made of networks

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Microfilaments

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Small protein strands that provide mechanical AL support and generate force for movement; anchor proteins within the plasma membrane and provide support for microvilli

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Intermediate filaments

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They hold orgenelles in place and attach cells to one another

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Centriols

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Hollow cylinders each made of nine sets of three microtubules surrounded by proteins called tublins which make up the percicentriod material

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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Membrane system that extends from the outer nuclear membrane throughout the cytoplasm

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Peroxisome

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Enzymes called oxidases that remove hydrogen atoms from various molecules such as amin and fatty acids

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Proteasome

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Break down faulty proteins into peptides

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Mitochondrial matrix

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Fluid compartment inside the inner membrane

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Oxidative phosphorylation

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Movement of electrons through the inner membrane of the mitochdria is the coupled making ATP

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Nuclear envelope

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Enclosed by double membrane

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Nuclear pores

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Controls movement in and out of nucleus

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Nucleolus

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Made of DNA/ RNA and proteins it makes ribosomes

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Chromatin

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Non-dividing cell the genetic material is spread out in this form

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Chromosomes

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Dividing cell into genetic material to create structures

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Interstitial fluid

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Fluid between cells within a tissue

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Plasma

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Fluid within a blood vessel

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Lymph

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Fluid within lymphatic vessel

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Cerebrospinal fluid

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Fluid surrondings the brain and spinal cord

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Solute

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Substance that is dissolved within a fluid

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Solvent

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A fluid or gas which a solute dissolved in given volume solvent

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Concentration gradient

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The concentration of a substance between two areas

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Diffusion

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Process by which so lures move from an area of high concentration to low concentration

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Transport proteins

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Substance can dissolve in the lipids of the membrane it will pass directly through it

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Channels or pores

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Tunnels with an opening large enough to allow the substance to pass through

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Carriers

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Substance that binds to the outside surface of the carrier

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Facilitated diffusion

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Diffusion across a membrane with the aid of a transport protein

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Osmosis

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Diffusion of water through a selective permeability membrane

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Isotonic

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The solute concentration outside the cell is the same as the inside of the cell

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Hypertonic = less

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The solute concentration outside the cell is less than the concentration inside the cell

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Hypertonic= more

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The solute concentration outside the cell is greater than the concentration inside the cell

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Active transport

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Is the process in which energy is used to move substances across a membrane against a concentration gradient

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Pumps

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Use energy from splitting ATP to power the movement of substances

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Exchangers

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Move a substance against its concentration gradient by combining it with the movement of a second substance down its concentration gradient

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Electrically coupled transporters

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Move a substance against its concentration gradient by coupling to the movement of electrons across some membranes

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Vesicle

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Sax move about the cell interior with energy supplied by ATP and contractions of microfilaments would pull them along

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Endocytosis

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Involves ingesting material by forming a vesicle from the plasma membrane sack of ingested material buds off inside the cell and usually fuses with lysosomes

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Phagocytosis

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Cell eats large particles such as bacteria viruses and dead cells plasma membrane forms projections called pseudopods the induce the material to form of a circle called phaopsome

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pinocytosis

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The sell drinks by forming small vesicle around droplets of extra cooler fluid

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis

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When hormones bind to receptors on the plasma membrane

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Hormone

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A chemical message by which one cell produces an effect in another cell

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Receptor

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A specific molecule or cluster of molecules that recognize and bind a hormone or drug

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Exocytosis

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Proteins or other secretary substances are made within the electromagnet reticulum and transported within vesicles to the Golgi complex

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Genes

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The instructions to build proteins are contained in DNA

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Messenger RNA

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Copy of DNA is made in the nucleus and is called transcription

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Terminator

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Stop copying falls off of DNA and releases the mRNA

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Transfer RNA

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Brings the amino acids to the ribosomes

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Mitosis

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Divides into two identical cells

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Meiosis

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Two rounds of cell division to produce for cells

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Gamete

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Sex cell such as an egg or a sperm

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Cell cycle

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Cell is continually charging from the time it forms until it divides

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4 phases for mitosis

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Prophase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

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Diploid

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Referring to a cell or an organism that has two sets of chromosomes

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1. Interphase

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Cell prepares for division by making new proteins copying DNA

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2. Prophase

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Microtubules attach to the centromere of each chromosome in add to the centrioles of centrosomes

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3. Metaphase

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Chromosomes line up along the middle of the cell and form the metaphase plate

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4. Anaphase

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Mitotic spindle shortens and pulls the sister chromatids each chromosomes to opposite ends of cell

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5. Telephase

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Cytoplasm pinches in the middle and divides to form two separate but identical cells

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6. Interphase for cells

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Identical cells carry out normal functions and grow until the next division

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Homologous

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Similar in structure function or sequence of genetic information

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Hoploid

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Referring to a cell or an organism that has only one set of chromosomes