Cells And Organs Of The Adaptive Immune System

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Primary Lymphoid organs include

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Bone marrow

thymus

Bursa of fabricius

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Secondary lymphoid organs include

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lymph nodes

spleen

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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importance of thymus to transplantation medicine

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crucial for differentiation of self from non-self

rejection of foreign tissue

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Function of primary (central) lymphoid organs

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Provide appropriate microenvironment for lymphocyte development and maturation

Lymphocytes become immunocompetent here

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Function of secondary (peripheral) lymphoid organs

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trap antigens

Where mature lymphocytes can interact and mount an immune response

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Types of MALT

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GALT (gut ALT) - Peyer's patches, pharyngeal and cecal tonsils

BALT (bronchial ALT)

Reproductive tract lymphoid nodules

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site of B-cell maturation in mammals

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Bone marrow (most)

Ileal Peyer's patches (some) - more in cattle and sheep

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site of B-cell maturation in birds

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Bursa of Fabricius

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Three lineages of bone marrow

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myeloid

lymphoid

megakaryocytic

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Function of bone marrow

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hematopoiesis in mammals and birds

B-cell maturation in mammals after birth

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function of myeloid lineage of bone marrow

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granulopoiesis

monocytopoiesis

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granulopoiesis includes the formation of

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neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

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monocytopoiesis includes the formation of

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monocytes

macrophages

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thrombopoiesis includes the formation of

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megakaryocytes

platelets

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lymphopoiesis includes the formation of

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lymphocytes

plasma cells

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T cells become what in the tissue

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Effector T cells

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B cells become what in the tissue

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plasma cells

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antigen binding to B and T cells

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highly specific (can only bind a single antigen)

activates cells (gene activation)

triggers clonal expansion

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structure and location of the bursa of Fabricius

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located in the cloaca

Crypt like invaginations surrounded by lymphoid tissue

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Function of the bursa of Fabricius

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Confers B-cell immunocompetence (destruction of self reactive B-cells)

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Structure of the thymus

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bilobed organ in ventral cranial mediastinum

larger in young animals and involutes with age

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general function of the thymus

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selective destruction of T-cells that react with self

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function of the medulla of the thymus

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secondary T cell selection

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function of the cortex of the thymus

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matures and selects for immuno-competent T-cells

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What happens to thymocytes

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Learn to differentiate self from non-self

Become T lymphocytes

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what cells are found in the cortex of the thymus

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immature cells

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what cells are found in the medulla of the thymus

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mature cells

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what cells help with teaching the thymocytes to differentiate self from non-self

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dendritic cells

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lymph nodes sample from what

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interstitial fluid

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spleen samples from what

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blood (detects viral DNA)

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MALT sample from what

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mucosal tissue

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Major functions of lymph nodes

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trap antigens

Meeting point for antigen presenting cells and lyphocytes

Provide site for clonal expansion of lymphoid cells

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what cell types present antigens at the lymph nodes

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motile dendritic cells

macrophages

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how do lymph nodes receive antigens

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drain and filter lymph

exposure of lymphocytes to antigens from all areas of the body

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what does lymph node hyperplasia mean

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inflammation and infection somewhere else in the body

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what does lymphadenitis mean

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infection in the lymph node itself

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cell type in lymph node cortex

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Naive B-cells from cortical follicles

germinal centers

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cell type in lymph node paracortex

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T-cells

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cell type in lymph node medulla

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plasma cells

macrophages

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germinal discs form with stimulation from

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antigens

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Function of the spleen

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filters blood and traps blood borne pathogens

responds to systemic infections

Destruction of old, defective erythrocytes

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cell type in the red pulp of the spleen

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macrophages

erythrocytes (destruction occurs here)

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cell type in the white pulp of the spleen

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lymphoid tissue

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splenomegaly is a sign of

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systemic problems

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PALS

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periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths

covers half of the germinal center in the spleen

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B-cell corona

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covers half of the germinal centre in the spleen

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Importance of MALT

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mucosal tissue is a major site of entry for many pathogens

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M cells in

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in epithelium

endocytose antigen and present to lymphocytes in the submucosa

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B cells in MALT

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organized into follicles and germinal centers surrounded by T-cell zone

Activated B cells produce IgA

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structure of MALT

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loose, barely organized clusters of lymphoid tissues

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Movement of B and T-cells from lymphoid tissue of the small intestine

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meet the antigen in the Peyer's patches

Bring antigen to the next mesenteric lymph node

return to the intestine via the systemic circulation