Cells

Front 1

the smallest structural unit of an organism

Back 1

cell

Front 2

the protoplasm outside the cell nucleus

Back 2

cytoplasm

Front 3

directs activities of the cell and carries genetic information from generation to generation

Back 3

nucleus

Front 4

the parts of the cell, means little organs;

Back 4

organelles

Front 5

cells can be seen through the ______ microscope, but an ________ microscope is needed to see the fine structure of the cell

Back 5

light & electron

Front 6

outer boundary of the cell (also known as the cell membrane)

Back 6

plasma membrane

Front 7

what does the cell membrane control?

Back 7

the passage of materials into and out of the cell

Front 8

something capable of being permeated(passed through)is _______

Back 8

permeable

Front 9

the movment of materials across the cell boundry, into or out of the cell

Back 9

transport

Front 10

the living substance of the cell

Back 10

protoplasm

Front 11

What needs to be removed from the cell unit in order to study the cell processes?

Back 11

organelles

Front 12

The process by which tissue is spun at exteme speeds of rotation, causing the cell membrane is split and the organellies to seperate based on their gravitational pull.

Back 12

ultracentrifugation

Front 13

After organelles are seperated in an ultracentrafuge,the fluid that tops the zone of heavier particles is called what?

Back 13

supernatant

Front 14

what 4 things control transport?

Back 14

the gobular protiens, the phospholipids, the pores of the membrane and the electrochemical nature of the protoplasm

Front 15

what is the purpose of the fluid mosaic model?

Back 15

to help biologists explain how some molecules move into and out of cells while others cannot penetrate the cell membrane

Front 16

what are the 2 major types of transport

Back 16

passive transport & active transport

Front 17

this type of transport does not require the cell's chemical energy to move molecules, it depends on the heat energy in the cell

Back 17

passive transport

Front 18

This type of transport requires the use of chemical energy that is stored in APT molecules in the cell

Back 18

active transport

Front 19

the process by which molecules move from and area of greater concentration to an area of lesser concentration

Back 19

diffusion

Front 20

diffusion is a type of _______ transport

Back 20

passive

Front 21

what are 2 types of diffusion?

Back 21

osmosis & plasmolysis

Front 22

A form of diffusion, __________ is the movment of water across a semipermeable membrane

Back 22

osmosis

Front 23

A form of diffusion, __________ is the shrinking of cytoplasm due to the movement of water out of the cell

Back 23

plasmolysis

Front 24

___________ is a form of active transport, by which fluid molecules are engulfed (taken it) by cells through the formation of vesicles in the membrane (also known as cell drinking)

Back 24

pinocytosis

Front 25

A form of active transport, _______ is the process by which solid particles are ingested by cells.

Back 25

phagocytosis

Front 26

what phagocytosis and pinocytosis are known as together

Back 26

endocytosis

Front 27

The process by which molecules are forced out of cells, being carried by vascules or vesicles to the cell surface.

Back 27

exocytosis

Front 28

An important mechanism in active transport that pushes soduim ions out of the cell and forces potassium ions into the cell

Back 28

ion-exchange pump

Front 29

the tubles (_________) and fibers (____________) of the cytoplasm

Back 29

microtubles, microfilaments, cytoskeleton

Front 30

Act as framework of the submicroscopic cytoskeleton and direct the flow of circulating materials within the cytoplasm and create pathways for the organelle movement. Made of the gobular protiens.

Back 30

microtubles

Front 31

This part of the cytoskeleton functions in cell movement.

Back 31

microfilements

Front 32

what the network of membranes that form channels, tubes and flattened sacs is called. Located in the cytoplasm and the 2 types are the ______ and the ______

Back 32

endoplasmic reticulum, rough, smooth

Front 33

the most numerous organelle in a cell are the _________. They synthesize _________. Some of them are attached to the membrane of the ________. Others lie free in the ______.

Back 33

ribosomes,proteins, endoplasmic reticulum, cytoplasm

Front 34

the _________ __________ is located in the cytoplasm. They receive ________ (fluid filled pouches)and thier fluids from membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum. The vesciles are rewrapped in membranes and transported to the ________ _______ where they leave the cell.

Back 34

golgi body/golgi apparatus, vesicles, cell membrane

Front 35

_________ hold chemicals that break down food molecules, old cell parts, and harmful barcteria.

Back 35

lysosomes

Front 36

_____________ are membrane bound sacs that resemble lysosomes. They contain oxidizing enzymes that ________ toxins that are harmful to the cell.

Back 36

peroxisomes, neutralize

Front 37

_________are membrane bound sacs in the cytoplasm that resemble peroxsisomes. They contain enzymes that convert fatty acids to _____________.

Back 37

glyoxysomes, carbohydrates

Front 38

besides the nucleus the ______________ is the largest organelle in the cell. the _______ or internal membranes increase surface area and provide additional areas for work and storing

Back 38

mitochandrion & cristae

Front 39

The largest organelle is the ________, it's composed of the ________, the_________ and the ________ ________. It is the location of the synthesis and storing of the _____

Back 39

nucleus, nucleoli, nucleoplasm & nuclear membrane, RNA

Front 40

cells that do not have an organized nucleus

Back 40

prokaryotes

Front 41

cells that have a double membrane-bound nucleus

Back 41

eukaryotes

Front 42

the double membrane of the nucleus fuses at certain openings called __________

Back 42

pores

Front 43

embedded in the nucleoplasm are one or two of these small spherical bodies, that is the site of the synthesis and the storage of the nucleic acid, _______

Back 43

nucleolus(singular)/nucleoli (plural), RNA

Front 44

Lysosomes are surrounded by a ___________ ____________ membrane that keeps their strong digestive chemicals, contained inside.

Back 44

lipid bilayer

Front 45

the outer boundry of the plant cell that surrounds the plasma membrane

Back 45

cell wall

Front 46

complex starch molecule that makes up the cell wall

Back 46

cellulose

Front 47

Is the cell wall found in both plant and animal cells?

Back 47

no

Front 48

space in the cytoplasm filled with water and dissolved substances

Back 48

vacuole

Front 49

found in the vacuoles of some cells and contains the pigment

Back 49

cell sap

Front 50

What does pigment do for the plant?

Back 50

gives it color

Front 51

What do animal cells lack, that prohibits them from making their own food?

Back 51

chloroplast

Front 52

In the nucleus of the nondividing cell, is a tangle of fine threads. In the granular stage, these threads are known as __________. These threads come together, shorten and thicken, forming __________ that can be seen in the dividing cell.

Back 52

chromatin, chromosomes

Front 53

Protoplasm inside the cell nucleus is called _____________

Back 53

nucleoplasm

Front 54

the dense ground substance that cushions the thylakoids

Back 54

stroma

Front 55

Organelles that are always found in pairs at right angles to each other, right outside the nucleus. They are made up of ____________

Back 55

centrioles, microtubles

Front 56

________ and _____ are fine threads of if cytoplasm extending from the surfaces of some cells, they are involoved in the locamotion of ______ species but also functions of other types of cells. _________ are short and numerous. ______ are comparatively longer and fewer in number

Back 56

flagella & cilia, protist, cilia, flagella

Front 57

Gluey carbohydrates that bind together cellulose molecules and hold them in place.

Back 57

pectins

Front 58

____________ synthesize the carbohydrate molecules that compose the cell wall. They are then secreted through the ________ ________ and form a rigid boundary around the cell.

Back 58

cytoplasm, cell membrane

Front 59

Name 3 things the cell wall does for the cell

Back 59

support, protect from drying and inhibit bacteria invasion

Front 60

Storage areas in animal cells.
They move materials from the _______ ________ to the ________ _______ to the _________ __________.

Back 60

vesicles,endoplasmic reticulm, Golgi body, cell membrane

Front 61

Membrane-bound organelles found only in plant cells, usually spherical bodies that float freely in the cytoplasm, holding pigment molecules or starch.

Back 61

plastids

Front 62

Name 2 types of storage plastid

Back 62

chromoplasts and leucoplasts

Front 63

_____________ belong to a group of structures which have the general name, plastids. They contain the green pigment chlorophyll.

Back 63

chloroplasts

Front 64

The substance that gives plants their green color. It is a special molecule that has the ability to trap ______ and convert it into a form of _____ that plants can use in carrying out photosynthesis

Back 64

Chlorophyll, sunlight, energy,

Front 65

the chemical steps of the food making process in plants

Back 65

photosynthesis

Front 66

Flattened membrane sacs found inside the chloroplast. They are the structures that contain the chlorophyll, and inside these sacs, photosysthesis takes place.

Back 66

thylakoids

Front 67

The body of a living organism is built of units called

Back 67

cells

Front 68

What does the cell theory state?

Back 68

1.Cells are the basic unit of life 2.Plants and animals are made up of cells 3.Cells arise from preexisting cells

Front 69

Cells vary in ________ & _________.

Back 69

size and shape

Front 70

What is a cell's shape releated to?

Back 70

their specialized function

Front 71

Cell use food molecules for ______, __________, _________ and _________.

Back 71

energy, repair tissue, growth & reproduction

Front 72

Cells carry out the 8 ________
_________.

Back 72

life function

Front 73

Each living thing begins life as a _________ cell.

Back 73

single

Front 74

___________ remain unicellular

Back 74

protists

Front 75

What happens when a protist cell grows to a certian size?

Back 75

It divides into 2 cells

Front 76

What happens when the original cell of a multicellular organism grows to a certain size?

Back 76

It divides

Front 77

What makes the division of a multicellular organism different from the division of a unicellular organism?

Back 77

the multicellular cells hold together forming tissue

Front 78

New cells can only form from what?

Back 78

preexising cells

Front 79

When a cell divides, how many new cells does it produce?

Back 79

2

Front 80

How are the new cells like the producing cell?

Back 80

they are identical

Front 81

Why do multicellular organisms produce other organisms like themselves?

Back 81

because cells carry hereditary information from one generation to the next

Front 82

Where is the hereditary information of a cell coded? Where is it found?

Back 82

in the DNA, in the cell necleus