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53 Cards in this Set

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1. Describe the form and function of human cells.
work together to form essential tissues, the body needs. Which in turn work together to form organs and organ systems.
2. Name and define the major components of a cell.
1. Nucleus- The center of a cell, contains the DNA. 2. cytoplasm-The fluid that surrounds the nucleus, enclosed by the plasma membrane. 3. cell membrane- The active surface that surrounds the other components of the membrane.
3. Describe cell processes and the phases of the cell cycle.
Interphase, the cell grows and maintains its function. For cells that divide, the cell also duplicates genetic material during interphase.
4. Describe how homeostasis is maintained by cells.
Cell division: The process of a single cell splitting into two daughter cells, each with genetic material that is identical to the original cell.
5. Explain how cells divide.
Mitosis is the period of cell division in non-sex cells. While interphase and cytoplasmic division help non-sex cells prepare to divide, mitosis carefully and precisely divides the nucleus of a single cell into two parts, creating two new identical cells. These cells are called daughter cells.
6. Describe the purpose and major events of mitosis.
"mitosis is very important to maintaining homeostasis at the cellular level because if your cells stopped dividing, your body would stop repairing itself.
Prophase, chromatin condenses into short dense rods called chromosomes for easier distribution to daughter cells.
from the ancient Greek πρό (before) and φάσις (stage), is a stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into double rod-shaped structures called chromosomes in which the chromatin becomes visible. This process, called chromatin condensation, is mediated by the condensin complex.
Metaphase, chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.
from the ancient Greek μετά (adjacent) and φάσις (stage)is a stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed and highly coiled chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells
Anaphase, each centromere divides, and chromatids separate from each other.
from the ancient Greek ἀνά (up) and φάσις (stage), is the stage of mitosis or meiosis when chromosomes are split and the sister chromatids move to opposite poles of the cell.
Telophase, chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell.
from the ancient Greek "τελος" (end) and "φασις" (stage), is the final stage in both meiosis and mitosis in a eukaryotic cell.
7. Explain how DNA is replicated.
DNA replicates by unzipping the two halves and creating an exact opposite copy of each half. the two strands of the DNA molecule unzip from each other and function as templates to produce two new strands.
8. Explain how cells lose and gain water.
Cytoplasmic division stage begins during mitosis. The cell elongates and muscle-like filaments pinch the cell in two after mitosis is complete.
Anaphase:
Anaphase: The third stage of mitosis in which the chromatids separate and are referred to as a chromosome.
Aquaporin:
Channel proteins that enable water to move through plasma membranes.
adipose cell*
also known as lipocytes and fat cells, are the cells that primarily compose adipose tissue, specialized in storing energy as fat.
Cell:
smallest unit
Cell division:
The process of a single cell splitting into two daughter cells, each with genetic material that is identical to the original cell.
Cell membrane:
The outer boundary of the cell through which the cell interacts with the external environment.
Centromere:
Spindle fibers that attach to a portion of a chromosome during mitosis.
Chromatin:
Nucleic acids and proteins in the cell nucleus that stain readily with basic dyes and condense to form chromosomes during cell division.
Cyclin:
Enzymes that regulate the cell cycle by binding to a kinase.
Cytoplasm:
The fluid located between the nucleus and the surface membrane of a cell.
Cytoplasmic division:
DNA located at the tips of chromosomes.
Daughter cell:
One of the two identical cells that forms during mitosis.
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER):
A double-walled membrane network inside a cytoplasm.
Epithelial cells:
Thin, flattened, and tightly packed cells that replicate quickly and do not contain blood vessels.
Homeostasis:
The ability of an organism to maintain relatively stable internal conditions while external conditions change.
Kinase:
Enzymes that add an inorganic phosphate group to another organic molecule.
Lagging strand:
A short DNA molecule strand that goes in the opposite direction of the original strand.
Leading strand:
A separated DNA molecule strand that forms as a continuous strand.
Lipid:
An organic substance composed of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen.
Lysosome:
An organelle in the cytoplasm of a cell that contains various hydrolytic enzymes which function in the digestion process.
Metaphase:
The second stage of mitosis in which the chromosomes align with the spindle fibers in the center of the cell.
Mitochondria:
A small, rod-shaped structure in the cytoplasm of cells where ATP is produced.
Mitosis:
The process in which a cell divides its nucleus into two daughter cells, each containing the same amount and type of DNA as the original nucleus.
Muscule Cells *
myocyte (also known as a muscle cell or muscle fiber) is the type of cell found in muscle tissue. They are long, tubular cells that arise developmentally from from myoblasts to form muscles.
Nerve Cells *
also known as a neuron or nerve cell) is an electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information through electrical and chemical signals.
Nucleotide:
Organic compounds with three principal components—nitrogenous base, monosaccharide, and one or more phosphate groups.
Nucleus:
A large, membrane-bound structure usually located near the center if the cell.
Organelle:
A specialized portion of a cell that performs a specific function.
Osmosis:
The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from one region to another.
Osmotic pressure:
The ability of osmosis to generate enough hydrostatic pressure to lift a volume of water.
Prophase:
The first stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into chromosomes.
Replication:
The process by which two new strands of DNA are made using two existing strands.
Ribosome:
A small, round cytoplasmic organelle in which protein synthesis occurs.
Selective permeability:
The selective process the body uses to allow or refuse the entry of bodily fluids into and out of cells.
Solute:
A solution that consists of one or more substances.
Telophase:
The fourth stage of mitosis in which the migration of each set of chromosomes is complete.
Golgi complex *
as known as the Golgi apparatus, Golgi body, or simply the Golgi, is an organelle found in most eukaryotic cells.[1] It was identified in 1897 by the Italian physician Camillo Golgi and named after him in 1898.[2]
Part of the cellular endomembrane system, the Golgi apparatus packages proteins inside the cell before they are sent to their destination; it is particularly important in the processing of proteins for secretion.
cilia *
(Latin for eyelash;[1] the singular is cilium) is an organelle found in eukaryotic cells. Cilia are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.[2]
There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and non-motile, or primary cilia, which typically serve as sensory organelles.
Interphase
is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division. In preparation for cell division, it increases its size and makes a copy of its DNA, which is made during the S phase
8. Explain how cells lose and gain water.
Osmosis
9. Describe how cells maintain osmotic pressure.
Osmotic pressure is the pressure created in an aqueous solution by a region of lower solute concentration upon a region of higher solute concentration forcing the passage of water from that to this more concentrated region. The intensity of the osmotic pressure (in units of pressure) is equal to the pressure that is necessary to apply in the solution to prevent its dilution by the entering of water by osmosis.