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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What percentage of US gets cancer?
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25%
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What percentage of US gets cancer?
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25%
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How many new cases of cancer/year?
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1.3 mill
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How many new cases of cancer/year?
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1.3 mill
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What % of cancer patients need Chemo? How effective is it?
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75% need, 10% effective
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What % of cancer patients need Chemo? How effective is it?
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75% need, 10% effective
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How do cancer and normal cells differ? 2 ways to tell in culture
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1 - cancer requires 10% of serum normal cells do
2 - cancer cells do not require anchorage to grow |
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How do cancer and normal cells differ? 2 ways to tell in culture
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1 - cancer requires 10% of serum normal cells do
2 - cancer cells do not require anchorage to grow |
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What is an AMES assay used for? What is it based on?
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screen a chemical for carcinogenicity - tests if a chemical mutates a His- cell to His +
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What is an AMES assay used for? What is it based on?
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screen a chemical for carcinogenicity - tests if a chemical mutates a His- cell to His +
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Why is an ames assay difficult in humans? how is it corrected?
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Mammals lack Monooxygenases, so incubate the cell w/ postmitochondrial rat liver that has enzymes for the mutagen
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Why is an ames assay difficult in humans? how is it corrected?
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Mammals lack Monooxygenases, so incubate the cell w/ postmitochondrial rat liver that has enzymes for the mutagen
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What percentage of US gets cancer?
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25%
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What is the diference in the skin cells of Moles?
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They are oval, and they aggregate
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What is the diference in the skin cells of Moles?
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They are oval, and they aggregate
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How many new cases of cancer/year?
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1.3 mill
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What are the 2 genes involved in cancer? what TYPE of mutation occurs in each to give rise to cancer?
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Oncogenes - a GAIN OF FUNCTION and Tumor Supresosr Genes - a LOSS OF FUNCTION
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What % of cancer patients need Chemo? How effective is it?
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75% need, 10% effective
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What are the 2 genes involved in cancer? what TYPE of mutation occurs in each to give rise to cancer?
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Oncogenes - a GAIN OF FUNCTION and Tumor Supresosr Genes - a LOSS OF FUNCTION
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How do cancer and normal cells differ? 2 ways to tell in culture
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1 - cancer requires 10% of serum normal cells do
2 - cancer cells do not require anchorage to grow |
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What are "cell guardians?"
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Tumor supressor genes
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What are "cell guardians?"
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Tumor supressor genes
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True or False: If one of the 2 alleles of a tumor supressor gene is inactivated, the other one gets inactivated also
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FALSE- both must be inactivated to have loss of function
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What is an AMES assay used for? What is it based on?
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screen a chemical for carcinogenicity - tests if a chemical mutates a His- cell to His +
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True or False: If one of the 2 alleles of a tumor supressor gene is inactivated, the other one gets inactivated also
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FALSE- both must be inactivated to have loss of function
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Why is an ames assay difficult in humans? how is it corrected?
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Mammals lack Monooxygenases, so incubate the cell w/ postmitochondrial rat liver that has enzymes for the mutagen
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What is the diference in the skin cells of Moles?
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They are oval, and they aggregate
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What are the 2 genes involved in cancer? what TYPE of mutation occurs in each to give rise to cancer?
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Oncogenes - a GAIN OF FUNCTION and Tumor Supresosr Genes - a LOSS OF FUNCTION
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What are "cell guardians?"
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Tumor supressor genes
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True or False: If one of the 2 alleles of a tumor supressor gene is inactivated, the other one gets inactivated also
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FALSE- both must be inactivated to have loss of function
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In what protein does the most common error leading to cancer occur? Where is it's gene located?
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in p53, located on SMALL ARM of chr 17
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True or False: a mutation in 1 of the 2 alleles for p53 results in inactivation of the other inactivating the gene.
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TRUE
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What are the 3 regulatory functions of p53? When does this occur?
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in G1, prevents division of cell, induces apoptosis, or produce reulator molecules to control protein production
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Where is the location (in what domain) of most mutations of p53?
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the DNA binding domain
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What 2 proteins interact w/ p53? How do the 3 interact?
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DROSHA and p68. P53 brings drosh and p68 together
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What is the function of DROSHA/p68? What happens next?
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they Snip the primary LONG rna transcript into hairpins, DICERS chop into micro RNAs/
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What enzymes are controlled by oncos/supressors?
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Protein Kinases and Cyclin-dependent kinases
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How is apoptosis initatied? by what?
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a death receptor or intracell signals from Mit protein CYTOcrhome C
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4 causes of cancer
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Chemical, radiation, virus, replication error
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Cancer is responsible for what % of US deaths? what are the 3 most common?
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20%, breast, Lung, Large intestine
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What is Sonic Hedgehog?
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a signaling peptide
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What are sonic hedgehog's receptor/co-receptor? what type of mutation is each susceptible to?
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Receptor: Patched, subject to inactivation. Co-recptor - smoothened, subject to mutation
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If Sonic Hedgehog is mutated, what results? where is the result seen?
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basal cell carcinoma in GROWTH FACTOR BETA
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How are Tumor cells like Stem cells?
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some have unlimited life span, ability to proliferate into a whole tumor (like a stem cell)
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