Cell Test 2

Front 1

Kinetochore

Back 1

a DNA protein complex located at the centromere region of a chromosome that provides the attachment site for spindle microtubules during mitosis

Front 2

cytoplasmic cycle

Back 2

cell growth alternates with cytokinesis

Front 3

Restriction Point

Back 3

DNA base sequence usually 4 or 6 base pairs long that is cleaved by a specific enzyme restriction

Front 4

Mitotic Spindle

Back 4

microtubular structure responsible for separating chromosomes during mitosis

Front 5

Chromatid

Back 5

the two replicated copies of each chromosome that remain attached to each other prior to anaphase of mitosis

Front 6

Heterochromatin/Euchromatin

Back 6

high compacted form of chromatin present during interphase, contains DNA that is not being transcribed/loosely packed uncondensed form of chromatin present during interphase, contains DNA that is actively being transcribed

Front 7

Karyotype

Back 7

picture of the complete set of chromosomes for a particular cell type, organized as homologous pairs arranged on the basis of differences of size and shape

Front 8

Replicon

Back 8

total length of DNA replicated from a single origin of replication

Front 9

Okazaki fragments

Back 9

short fragments of newly synthesized lagging strand DNA that are joined together by DNA ligase during DNA replication

Front 10

Centrosome

Back 10

small zone of granular material surrounding two centrioles located adjacent to the nucleus of animal cell; functions as a cell’s main microtubule organizing center

Front 11

Microtubules

Back 11

polymer of the protein tubulin with a diameter of about 25 nm that is an integral part of the cytoskeleton and that contributes to the support, shape, and motility of eukaryotic cells

Front 12

Cyclins

Back 12

a group of proteins that activate the cyclin dependent kinases involved in regulating progression through the eukaryotic cell cycle

Front 13

Quiescent

Back 13

Cells that no longer divide

Front 14

Chromosome cycle

Back 14

DNA synthesis alternates with mitosis

Front 15

Centriole

Back 15

microtubule containing structure embedded within the centrosome of animal cell

Front 16

Chromosome

Back 16

in eukaryotic cells a single DNA molecule complexed with histones and other proteins, that become condensed into a compact structure at the time of mitosis

Front 17

Chromatin

Back 17

DNA protein fibers that make up chromosomes constructed from nucleosomes space regularly along a DNA chain

Front 18

Centromere

Back 18

Point along a chromosome where sister chromatids are held together prior to anaphase and where kinetochores are attached

Front 19

Nucleotides

Back 19

molecule consisting of a nitrogen containing base linked to a 5 carbon sugar, attached to a phosphate group (also called nucleoside monophosphate)

Front 20

Lagging strand

Back 20

Strand of DNA that grows in the 3’  5’ direction following DNA replication by discontinuous synthesis of short fragments in the 5’3’ direction followed by ligation of adjacent fragment

Front 21

Leading strand

Back 21

strand of DNA that grows in the 5’3’ direction during DNA replication by continuous synthesis

Front 22

Gap 1

Back 22

cell growth, increased protein synthesis, normal cell functions, 8-10 hours long
Restriction point (bacteria)=START (yeast)=critical point
S-phase activator marks boundary between G1 and S Phase

Front 23

Checkpoint 1

Back 23

check for cell size, nutrients, growth factors, DNA damage

Front 24

S

Back 24

DNA synthesis, 6-8 hours long
MDF appear—Mitosis Delaying Factor
Mitosis will not begin if DNA replication isn’t complete

Front 25

Gap 2

Back 25

MDF disappear; 4-6 hours long
MPF appear
Cannot stop mitosis once MPF appears
Synthesis of spindle proteins

Front 26

Checkpoint 2

Back 26

check for cell size and DNA replication

Front 27

M

Back 27

Prophase—chromosomes condense
Metaphase—centromere, miotic spindle
Anaphase—chromosomes align in the middle
Telephase—sister chromatids separate
Cytokinesis—daughter cells form

Front 28

Spindle Assembly Checkpoint

Back 28

chromosomes must be attached to spindle

Front 29

Prophase

Back 29

individual chromosomes are condensed and visible
Sister chromatids attached to the centromere
Centrosome—small zone of material adjacent to nucleus responsible for organization
Mitotic spindle—distributes chromosomes to the daughter cells
Centrioles—contains microtubules

Front 30

Metaphase

Back 30

chromosomes aligned in metaphase plate
20 minutes
Colchine—used to generate metaphase arrested cells
Karyotype

Front 31

Anaphase

Back 31

shortest phase
Sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles
Anaphase A--Chromosomes are pulled toward spindle poles
Anaphase B --Poles move from each other

Front 32

Telephase

Back 32

daughter chromosomes arrive at poles
Chromosomes uncoil and return to interphase chromatin
Nucleoli develop, spindle disassembles, nuclear envelope forms

Front 33

Cell fusion

Back 33

S+G1=S activated in G1 nucleus
M+G1=M activated in non-M nucleus

Front 34

yeast cells

Back 34

cheap, easy to grow, easy to maintain

Front 35

Mendel

Back 35

studied inheritance

Front 36

Watson and Crick

Back 36

described structure of DNA

Front 37

Hershey and Chase

Back 37

bateriophage—viruses that infect bacteria

Front 38

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Back 38

DNA is transforming factor

Front 39

Griffith

Back 39

Strep pneumo

Front 40

Thomas Hunt Morgan

Back 40

studied Drosophilia

Front 41

Walter Sutton

Back 41

discovered chromosomes physical carrier of factors of inheritance

Front 42

Miescher

Back 42

first to isolate nuclein