Cell Structure & Function

Front 1

Cytology

Back 1

The study of cells

Front 2

Cell

Back 2

Basic unit of life. Shows life characteristics such as organization, metabolism, responsiveness, homeostasis, growth, & reproduction.

Front 3

General cell organization

Back 3

Plasma
Nucleus
Cytoplasm
-Cytosol
-Organelles

Front 4

Plasma Membrane

Back 4

Encloses cell contents. Regulates what enters & leaves cell.

Front 5

Components of Plasma membrane

Back 5

-Phospholipid bilayer (main component)
-Cholesterol
-Proteins

Front 6

Channels

Back 6

Pores in plasma membrane that allow passage of specific substances.

Front 7

Transporters

Back 7

Shuttle substances across membrane

Front 8

Receptors

Back 8

Allow for attachment of substances to membrane; used for cell-to-cell signaling

Front 9

Enzymes

Back 9

Participate in chemical reactions at membrane surface

Front 10

Linkers

Back 10

Give structure to membrane and attach cells to other cells

Front 11

Cell Identity Markers

Back 11

Proteins unique to a person's cells; important for immunity

Front 12

Membrane potential

Back 12

The difference in electric charge on either side of the plasma membrane.

caused by separation of positive and negative ions and proteins on either side of the membrane. Ions determined by channels & pumps. Allows plasma membrane to act as a battery.

Front 13

Nucleus

Back 13

Largest organelle, surrounded by nuclear membrane, contains chromosomes and nucleolus.

Front 14

Cytoplasm

Back 14

Material between nuclear membrane and plasma membrane.

Front 15

Cytosol

Back 15

Fluid portion of cytoplasm

Front 16

Organalles

Back 16

Specialized cell structures that perform different cell functions.

Front 17

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 17

Membranous network, only rough ER has ribosome, smooth has no ribosomes.

Rough ER sorts and modifies proteins, smooth ER synthesizes lipids.

Front 18

Ribosomes

Back 18

Small bodies in cytoplasm or attached to rough ER. Manufactures proteins.

Front 19

Mitochondria

Back 19

Large bodies with internal folded membranes. Manufactures ATP.

Front 20

Golgi Apparatus

Back 20

Layers of membranous sacs. Prepares proteins for export.

Front 21

Lysosomes, Peroxisomes

Back 21

Small sacs of enzymes. Digests intracellular substances. Detoxify, stabilize free radicals.

Front 22

Vesicles

Back 22

Small storage sacs. Store materials, move materials into or out of cell.

Front 23

Centrioles

Back 23

Rod-shaped near nucleus. Separate chromosomes during cell division.

Front 24

Cilia

Back 24

Short hairlike projections that move fluids around cells

Front 25

Flagellum

Back 25

Long, whiplike extension from the cell. Moves the cell. Ex: sperm

Front 26

Microvilli

Back 26

Small projections of plasma membrane. Increase surface area. Ex: cells in small intestines that allow for absorption.

Front 27

Cell Diversity

Back 27

Cell shape is related to its function. A neurons long fibers transmit electric energy from place to place in the nervous system.

cell organelle # is related to its function. Lipid producing cells have lots of smooth ER, metabolically active cells have lots of mitochondria to manufacture ATP.

Front 28

Selective permeability

Back 28

Plasma membrane regulates what enters and leaves.

Based on several factors:

molecular size, solubility, & electrical charge

Front 29

Passive transport

Back 29

Movement that does not require cellular energy

Front 30

Active transport

Back 30

Movement that requires cellular energy. Needs ATP to make anything happen. Solute moves through plasma membrane against its concentration gradient with help of transporters

Front 31

Diffusion

Back 31

Solute travels across plasma membrane down its concentration gradient

Front 32

Facilitated diffusion

Back 32

Solute diffuses with help of a transporter

Front 33

Osmosis

Back 33

Solvent travels across plasma membrane down its concentration gradient.

"water follows salt!"

Front 34

Filtration

Back 34

Mechanical force pushes solute and solvent across plasma membrane

Front 35

Concentration gradient

Back 35

The measurable difference in concentration between one solution and another

Front 36

Isotonic

Back 36

Has same solute concentration as cell

Front 37

Hypotonic

Back 37

Has lower solute concentration than cell

Front 38

Hypertonic

Back 38

Has higher solute concentration than cell

Front 39

Aquaporis

Back 39

Pores where water enters and leaves cell

Front 40

Endocytosis

Back 40

Large amounts of solute and solvent are transported into cell using vesicles

Front 41

Exocytosis

Back 41

Large amounts of solute and solvent are transported out of the cell using vesicles.

Front 42

Phagocytosis

Back 42

Engulfing a solid particle, "cell eating"

Front 43

Pinocytosis

Back 43

Engulfing a liquid particle, "cell drinking"

Front 44

Protein synthesis

Back 44

Proteins give a cell its structure and function. The body has many uses for proteins - components of cells, material to build muscle, bone and connective tissues, pigments for hair, eye and skin color, enzymes, hormones, antibodies. Cells make the bodies proteins.

Front 45

2 Organic compounds known as nucleic acids

Back 45

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)

Front 46

DNA & RNA

Back 46

Carry genetic information, work together to guide cells in building proteins. Both are composed of subunits called nucleotides

Front 47

Nucleotides

Back 47

made up of a sugar unit, a phosphate unit, and I nitrogen base.

Front 48

Nitrogen bases in DNA nucleotides

Back 48

(A) adenine

(T) thymine

(G) guanine

(C) cytosine

A with T, G with C

Front 49

Nitrogen bases in RNA nucleotides

Back 49

(A) adenine

(U) uracil

(G) guanine

(C) cytosine

A with U, G with C

Front 50

DNA molecule

Back 50

Latter-like double strand of nucleotides known as a double helix. Latter uprights are sugar & phosphate, rungs are nitrogen bases. Makes up chromosomes, divided into gene, carries nucleotide codes for protein synthesis.

Front 51

RNA molecule

Back 51

Single strand of nucleotides, 3 types mRNA, rRNA, & tRNA. Manufacture proteins according to the DNA code.

Front 52

Chromatin

Back 52

long, slender threads of DNA in the nucleus of a cell, condensed into chromosomes during cell division.

Front 53

Chromosomes

Back 53

Hereditary unit. All human cells but egg/sperm cells have 46. Each is broken down into subunits called genes.

Front 54

Genes

Back 54

subunits of chromosomes, a segment of DNA that contains instructions for building one protein.

Front 55

mRNA

Back 55

Messenger RNA, is built on a strand of DNA in the nucleus and transcribes the nucleotide code. Moves to cytoplasm and attaches to a ribosome.

Front 56

rRNA

Back 56

Ribosomal RNA, with protein makes up the ribosomes, the sites of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. Involved in the process of translating the genetic message into a protein.

Front 57

tRNA

Back 57

Works with mRNA & rRNA to translate the genetic code into protein. Each molecule of tRNA carries an amino acid that can be used to build a protein at the ribosome. Composed of 3 nucleotides and an amino acids.

Front 58

Transcription

Back 58

Information transferred from DNA to RNA, takes place in nucleus when double stands of DNA are split, a new molecule of RNA is built alongside the strand of DNA

Front 59

Triplet

Back 59

A group of 3 nucleotides in DNA; each corresponds with a specific amino acid.

Front 60

Codon

Back 60

A group of 3 nucleotides in the new RNA molecule; the complement to the triplet.

Front 61

Translation

Back 61

The nucleotide sequence of the mRNA is decoded to build a protein. In the cytoplasm, a ribosome (composed of ribosomal RNA or rRNA) attaches to the mRNA. Ribosome guides the interaction between mRNA and tRNA.

Front 62

Anticodon

Back 62

The 3 nucleotides of tRNA; complementary to the codon carried by the mRNA.

Front 63

Cell division

Back 63

Allows the body to grow, repair itself and reproduce. 2 types: meiosis & mitosis

Front 64

Meiosis

Back 64

Produces egg & sperm cells, cuts chromosomal number in half.

Front 65

Mitosis

Back 65

Produces somatic (body) cells, produces 2 identical daughter cells.

Front 66

Interphase

Back 66

Period of time between one mitosis and the next; DNA replicates during this phase. Typical cell is in this phase most of the time.

Front 67

What are the 2 new identical DNA strands held together by before cell division?

Back 67

Centromere

Front 68

Prophase

Back 68

DNA strand coils into chromosomes, nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear, & centrioles move to opposite poles and form spindle.

Front 69

Metaphase

Back 69

Chromosomes line up across center of cell, chromosomes attach to spindle.

Front 70

Anaphase

Back 70

Centromeres split, make chromosomes move towards opposite centrioles.

Front 71

Telophase

Back 71

chromosomes continue to move toward centrioles, nuclear membrane forms around each group of chromosomes, cytokinesis.

Front 72

Cytokinesis

Back 72

Plasma membrane pinches off in middle of cell to form 2 new identical daughter cells.

Front 73

Apoptosis

Back 73

Organized cell death.