Cell Structure And Function

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Cell Theory

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Theory that all organisms consists of one or more cells, which are the basic unit of life; all cells come from division of pre-existing cells; and all cells pass hereditary material to offspring.

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Cytoplasm

Back 2

Semifluid substance enclosed by a cell's plasma membrane.

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Nulceus

Back 3

Organelle with two membranes that holds a eurkaryotic cell's DNA.

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Organelle

Back 4

Structure that carries out a specialized metabolic function inside a cell.

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Plasma membrane

Back 5

A cell's outermost membrane.

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Biofilm

Back 6

Community of microorganisms living within a shared mass of slime.

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Cell Wall

Back 7

Semirigid but permeable structure that surrounds the plasma membrane of some cells.

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Flagellum

Back 8

Long, slender cellular structure used for motility.

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Nucleoid

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Region of cytoplasm where the DNA is concentrated inside a bacterium or archaeon.

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Pilus

Back 10

Protein filament that projects from the surface of some bacteria and archaea.

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Plasmid

Back 11

Small circle Of DNA in some bacteria and archaea.

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Ribosome

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Organelle of protein synthesis.

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Chromatin

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Collective term for DNA molecules together with their associated proteins.

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Chromosome

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A structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information.

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Nuclear envelope

Back 15

A double membrane that constitutes the outer boundary of the nucleus. Pores in the membrane control which substances can cross.

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Nucleolus

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In a cell nucleus, a dense, irregularly shaped region where ribosomal subunits are assembled.

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Nucleoplasm

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Viscous fluid enclosed by the nuclear envelope.

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Central Vacuole

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Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells.

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Endomembrane System

Back 19

Series of interacting organelles (endoplasmic reticulum, golgi bodies, vesicles) between nucleus and plasma membrane; products lipids, proteins.

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Smooth ER

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Makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and fats, inactives toxins.

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Rough ER

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Modifies proteins made by ribosomes attached to it.

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Golgi Body

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Organelle that modifies polypeptides and lipids; also sorts and packages the finished products into vesicles.

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Lysosome

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Enzyme-filled vesicle that functions in intracellular digestion.

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Peroxisome

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Enzyme-filled vesicle that breaks down amino acids, fatty acids, and toxic substances

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Vacuole

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A fluid-filled organelle that isolates or disposes of waste, debris, or toxic materials.

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Vesicle

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Small, membrane-enclosed, saclike organelle; different kinds store, transport, or degrade their contents.

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Chloroplast

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Organelle of photosynthesis in the cells of plants and many protists.

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Mitochondrion

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Organelle that produces ATP by aerobic respiration in eukaryotes.

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Plastid

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Category of double-membraned organelle in plants and algal cells. Different types specialize in storage or photosynthesis; e.g., chloroplast, amyloplast.

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Basal Body

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Organelle that develops from a centriole.

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Cell cortex

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Reinforcing mesh of cytoskeletal elements under a plasma membrane.

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Centriole

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Barrel-shaped organelle from which microtubules grow.

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Cilium

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Short, movable structure that projects from the plasma membrane of some eukaryotic cells.

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Cytoskeleton

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Dynamic framework of protein filaments that support, organize, and move eukaryotic cells and their internal structures.

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Intermediate filament

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Stable cytoskeletal element that structurally supports cells and tissue.

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Microfilament

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Reinforcing cytoskeletal element; a finer of actin subunits.

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Microtubule

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Cytoskeletal element involved in cellular movement; hollow filament to tubulin subunits.

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Motor protein

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Type of energy-using protein that interacts with cytoskeletal elements to move cell's parts or the whole cell.

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Pseudopod

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A temporary protrusion that helps some eukaryotic cells move and engulf prey.

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Adhering Junction

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Cell junction composed of adhesion proteins; anchors cells to each other and extracellular matrix.

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Cell Junction

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Structure that connects a cell to another cell or to extracellular matrix.

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Cuticle

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Secreted covering at a body surface.

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Extracellular matrix (ECM)

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Complex mixture of cell secretions; supports cells and tissues; has roles in cell signaling.

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Gap Junction

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Cell junction that forms a channel across the plasma membranes of adjoining animal cells.

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Lignin

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Material that stiffens cell walls of vascular plants.

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Plasmodesmata

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Cell junction that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells.

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Primary Wall

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The first cell wall of young plant cells.

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Secondary Wall

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Lignin-reinfored wall that forms inside the primary wall of a plant cell.

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Tight Junction

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Arrays of fibrous proteins; join epithelial cells and collectively prevent fluids from leaking between them.