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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did Robert Hooke do?
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Robert Hooke looked at cork and saw tiny chambers and called them cells, because they looked like the monastery’s tiny rooms.
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What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?
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Anton van Leeuwenhoek looked at pond water and drinking water and found tiny microscopic organisms.
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What did Rudolph Virchow do?
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Virchow proposed that all cells come from existing cells.
This helped to reject the theory of spontaneous generation. |
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What is the definition of a cell?
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Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things.
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What are the three parts of the traditional cell theory?
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The cell theory states:
1.)All living things are made up of cells. 2.)Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things. 3.)New cells are produced from existing cells. Cells contain specialized structures to perform functions necessary for life |
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What statements did the modern cell theory add?
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1.)Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occur within the cell.
2.)Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division. 3.)All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species. |
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What are three things that all cells have?
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All cells have a cell membrane, DNA, and ribosomes.
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What are the differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
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Prokaryotes are cells that DO NOT contain a nucleus.
Eukaryotes are cells that DO contain a nucleus. |
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What are the different parts of the nucleus?
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DNA, Chromatin, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear pores (ribosomes located on membrane.)
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What is the function of the DNA?
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The DNA provides the instructions for making proteins and other important molecules
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What is the function of the chromatin?
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The chromatin packages DNA.
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What is the function of the nucleolus?
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nucleolus is where the assembly of ribosomes begin
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What is the function of the nuclear envelope?
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a double membrane surrounding the nucleus/ contains nuclear pores and allows material to pass in and out of the nucleus.
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What is the function of the Nuclear pores?
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allows information to flow into and out of the nucleus
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What is the function of the nucleus?
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The nucleus is the control center of the cell that also sends out commands to the rest of the cell
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What is the function of a ribosome and where can you find ribosomes?
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Ribosomes are the site where proteins are synthesized. Ribosomes are small particles of RNA and proteins found throughout the cytoplasm either free-floating or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum.
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What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) transports materials through the cell; it is also where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled along with proteins.
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What is the function of the rough ER and why is it considered rough?
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Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rough ER) is the portion of the ER that is involved in protein synthesis. It is called “rough” ER because it has ribosomes along its surface. Newly made proteins leave these ribosomes and are inserted into the rough ER, where they may be modified or transported to leave the cell.
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What is the function of the smooth ER and why is it considered smooth?
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Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth ER) is called this because it does not have any ribosomes on its surface.
Smooth ER may contain collections of enzymes (remember enzymes are proteins) that perform specialized tasks, like making membrane lipids. |
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What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
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Golgi Apparatus is an organelle that sorts, modifies and packages proteins and other material from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion out of the cell.
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What is the function of the lysosomes?
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Lysosomes carry out intracellular digestion. They are filled with enzymes that help to break down lipids, carbohydrates and proteins into small molecules that can be used by the rest of the cell.Lysosomes also break down unwanted material in the cell, helping to remove “junk” that may otherwise fill the cell.
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What is the function of the vacuole?
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Vesicles are saclike structures, found in most cells, which store materials (water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates).
A VACUOLE is a vesicle which contains mostly water. |
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Are vacuoles only found in plant cells?
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No.Many plants contain a large vacuole filled with liquid that allows plants to support heavy structures
like leaves and flowers. |
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What is the function of the mitochondria?
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Mitochondria are organelles that convert stored energy, from food, into energy that can be used by the cell. They are the site of cellular respiration.
Mitochondria have 2 membranes, the inner membrane being folded into “cristae” to increase the surface area (more room for respiration reactions to occur). |
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What is the function of the chloroplast?
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Chloroplasts are the organelles that convert energy from the sun into energy that can be used by plant cells and some other organisms. This is the site of photosynthesis
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What did Schlieden do?
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Schleiden concluded that plants are made of cells.
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What did Schwann do?
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Schwann concluded that animals are made of cells.
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What is the function of the cytoskeleton?
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The cytoskeleton is a network of protein filaments that helps support the cell and helps with movement.
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What two protein filaments make up the cytoskeleton?
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There are two main protein filaments that help support the cell:
1. Microfilaments 2. Microtubules |
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What is the function of the two protein filaments that make up the cytoskeleton and what are they called?
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1. Microfilaments are threadlike structures made of actin. They help support the cell and help the cell move.
2. Microtubules are hollow structures made up of tubulins. They help maintain cell shape, assist in cell division, and help build flagella and cilia |
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What are the functions of the cell membrane?
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The cell membrane helps to maintain homeostasis by regulating what goes into and out of the cell, keeping concentrations of various substances at optimal levels.
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Describe the cell membrane. What name do we have for this model?
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There are four methods by which substances can move across the cell membrane (into or out of the cell) to maintain optimal concentrations:
1. diffusion 2. osmosis 3. facilitated diffusion 4. active transport Cell membranes are lipid bilayers because they are made up of two layers of lipids called phospholipids. We use a fluid mosaic model to describe the structure of a cell membrane. It is fluid-like because the lipid molecules can drift about throughout the membrane. It is a mosaic because of the all the different molecules in the membrane |
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What is the purpose of proteins in the cell membrane?
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Proteins can form channels or pumps to move materials across the membrane
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What is the purpose of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?
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Carbohydrate chains act as chemical identification cards so that cells can recognize each other
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What is the function of the cell wall?
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Cell walls are found in plants, algae, fungi and some prokaryotes (bacteria).
These walls lie outside the cell membrane and are porous enough to allow water, oxygen, CO2 and other substances to pass through. Their main function is to provide support and protection. |
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What type of organisms contain a cell wall?
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Plants, algae, fungi and some prokaryotes (bacteria).
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How do you calculate the concentration of a solution?
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The concentration of a solution is the mass of the solute divided by the volume of the solvent.
Example: If 24 grams of sugar is dissolved in 12 liters of water the concentration of the solution would be 24 g = 12 L If 24 grams of sugar is dissolved in 6 liters of water the concentration of the solution would be 24 g = 6 L |
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What does it mean to be semi-permeable?
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semi-permeable means only certain molecules can move through the membrane.Many molecules are too large to move through the semi-permeable membrane so water moves to even out the concentrations.
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What is the difference between diffusion and osmosis?
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Osmosis is the diffusion of water
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What's the difference between hypotonic, isotonic and hypertonic solutions?
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Hypotonic: a solution with a lower concentration of solutes. Isotonic: having the same (or equal) water potential since the two solutions have an equal concentration of water molecules.Hypertonic: A solution with a higher concentration
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What do we mean by equilibrium? What is happening to the diffusion of molecules at this point?
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The condition in which all acting influences are balanced or canceled by equal opposing forces, resulting in a stable system. The molecules are evenly spread through the solution. in both directions.
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What is facilitated diffusion?
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Facilitated diffusion is the movement of specific molecules across the cell membrane through protein channels.
Molecules still move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration and therefore facilitated diffusion does not require energy. |
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How does facilitated diffusion differ from diffusion?
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facilitated is the movement of specific molecules
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How is facilitated diffusion the same as diffusion?
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both do not require energy.
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What is the difference between active transport and passive transport?
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Active Transport:Sometimes molecules must move against the concentration gradient (from low concentration to a high concentration). This is called active transport and requires the use of energy.
Passive doesn't require energy. |
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What are two types of endocytosis? What is the difference between them?
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1. Phagocytosis means “cell eating”. Extensions of the cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole.
2. Pinocytosis is when tiny pockets form along the cell membrane, fills with liquids, and pinch off to form vacuoles within the cells. |
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What is cell specialization?
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The cell performing a specific function for a larger organ or tissue.
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What are the levels of organization in multicellular organisms from the least complex to the most complex?
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Cells
Tissues Organs Organ systems organism |
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What are tissues?
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a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
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What are organs?
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groups of tissues that work together
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What are organ systems?
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when a group of organs work together
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What are organisms?
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All of the organ systems working together
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What are four main types of tissues found in animals?
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muscle
epithelial (skin) nervous (brain, nerves) connective (tendons, cartilage, bone) |
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What is an indicator?
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something that shows a change
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*What are the levels of organization from an atom to the universe?*
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Atom - Molecule - Macromolecule - Organelle - Cell - Tissue - Organ - Organ System - Organism
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