• Shuffle
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Alphabetize
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Front First
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Both Sides
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
  • Read
    Toggle On
    Toggle Off
Reading...
Front

Card Range To Study

through

image

Play button

image

Play button

image

Progress

1/19

Click to flip

Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;

Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;

H to show hint;

A reads text to speech;

19 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Define magnification

Degree to which the size of the image is larger than the size of the object

Define resolution

Ability to distinguish between two objects that are very close together

Microscope: resolutions & magnification

Light: 200nm x1500


TEM: 0.1NM x500,000


SEM: 0.1nm x1,000,000

Claculation magnification

magnification = image / actual

Staining with light microscopes-why

Coloured dye is taken up more by different parts of the object to show contrast

Staining with electron microscopes-why

Sipped in heavy metal solution so metal ions scatter the electrons in the beam, showing contrast between different areas

Nucleus

-surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores that allow exchange between nucleus and cytoplasm (i.e. mRNA)


-contain chromatin, made up of proteins and DNA (controls cell activity)


-nucleolus makes ribosomes

Chloroplasts

-small, flattened structure in plant cells


-double membrane


-thylakoid membranes stack up to form grana where photosynthesis takes place


-photosynthesis also takes place in stroma (thick fluid in chlorophylls)

Endoplasmic reticulum

-system of membranes forming flat sacs called cisternae


-RER has ribosomes attached where protein synthesis takes place


-SER for lipid and protein (i.e. hormone) synthesis

Golgi apparatus

-stack of fluid sacs called cisternae collects and processes molecules ready for transport


-formed at one end from vesicles arriving from RER


-broken down at other end to form golgi vesicles


-these golgi vesicles either become lysosomes or exocytosis out of the cell

Mitochondria

-two membranes


-carry out later stages of aerobic respiration to make ATP

Lysosomes

-spherical sac with single membrane


-contain digestive enzymes for breakdown of unwanted structure within the cell (i.e. worn-out organelles or bacteria)

Centrioles

-small hollow cylinders made of microtubules


-used to grow the spindle fibres for nuclear division

Flagella

-stick out from cell but still surrounded by plasma membrane


-made of microtubules that contract to make the flagella move


-act as outwards motors to propel the cell forward (i.e. sperm cells 'swimming')

Cilia

-small, hair-like structureson the plasma membrane


-made up of microtubules (in 9+2 arrangement) which allow cilia to move


-used to move substances along the cell's surface

Cell wall

-made of the carbohydrate cellulose


-rigid structure that supports plant cell

Organelles that only appear in plant cells VS organelles that only appear in animal cells

-animal only=centrioles


-plant only=cell wall, chloroplasts and vacuole

Role of cytoskeleton

-moves organelles within the cell


-strengthen the cell/maintain its shape


-transport materials within cells


-can cause cells to move as a whole

Production and secretion of proteins process

-instructions to make protein are in the DNA in the nucleus


-nucleus copies DNA code on mRNA


-mRNA leaves through nuclear pore and attaches to ribosome on RER


-ribosome uses code on mRNA to assemble protein


-pinched off in a vesicle, taken to golgi


-golgi packages the content of the vesicle


-exocytosis (vesicle fuses with membrane and releases its contents outside the cell)