Cell Respiration Campbell Biology

Front 1

Glycolosis

net products

Back 1

decomposition of glucose that happens in the cytosol.



2 pyruvate
2 ATP fro substrate level phosphorylation
2 NADH

Front 2

Oxidative Phosphorylation

Back 2

Stepwise reactions in mitochondria to produce ATP using the electron transport chain and redox reactions

Front 3

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 3

Enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule directly onto ADP. (generally from catabolis of glucose but not necessarily)

Front 4

NAD+
(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide)

Back 4

important coenzyme found in cells. It plays key roles as carriers of electrons in the transfer of reduction potential. At key points Hydrogen atoms are stripped and transferred to NAD+ along with 2 electrons.

Front 5

Dehydrogenase

Back 5

an enzyme that oxidizes a substrate by transferring one or more protons and a pair of electrons to an acceptor, usually NAD/NADP or a flavin coenzyme such as FAD or FMN.

Removes a pair of H atoms, one is released as H+ to solution.

Front 6

3 steps to turn pyruvate into Acetyl Co A

Back 6

1) carboxyl group is released as CO2

2) Remaining 2 carbon fragment is oxidized to form acetate. An enzye transfers the electrons onto NAD+ making NADH.

3) Co A, a sulfur containing compound made from a B vit, is attached to the acetate by an unstable bond that makes the acetyl group very reactive.

Front 7

Krebs Cycle
(concept and net result)

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8 steps, 2 carbons enter as acetate and leave as CO2. For each mol of acetate entering the cycle:
3- NADH
1 - FADH2
1- substrate level phosphorylation to make ATP

Front 8

Cytochromes

Back 8

Proteins in electron transport chain that act as electron carriers between Q and oxygen. They have a heme prosthetic.

Front 9

Cytrochrome A3

Back 9

passes the final electron to O2.

Front 10

for every 2 NADH
at the end of the electron chain

Back 10

one O2 is reduced to 2 H2O

Front 11

Which contains more free energy, FADH2 or NADH?

Back 11

NADH. FADH2 has about 1/3 the energy. Result from FADH2 is 2 ATP max.

Front 12

cheiosmosis

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is the diffusion of ions across a membrane. More specifically, it relates to the generation of ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions across a membrane.

Used in both respiration and photosynthesis

Front 13

ATP synthase

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is a general term for an enzyme that can synthesize adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate by utilizing some form of energy.

Front 14

proton motive force

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H+ gradient with a capacity to produce work.

Front 15

Fermentation

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Glyolysis with reactions to regenerate NAD+ by transferring electrons from NADH to pyruvate or its derivitaves.

Front 16

Alcohol fermentation

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Pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps.
1) relese CO2 from pyruvate to make acetaldehyde.
2) acetaldehyde is reduced by NADH to ethanol.

Front 17

Lactic acid fermentation

Back 17

Pyruvate is reduced directly by NADH to for lactate without CO2 production

Front 18

deamination

Back 18

removal of amino group so an amino acid can enter glycolysis or the Krebs Cycle.

Front 19

beta oxidation

Back 19

breaks down fats to 2 carbon fragments to enter Krebs as Acetyl Co A.

Front 20

Phosphofructokinase

concept
inhibited and stimmed by

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first step that irreversibly commits a molecule to glycolytic pathway so it is considered a pacemaker of respiration.

Inhibited by ATP and stimmed by AMP. Also sensitive to citrate that accumulates in the cytosol because it can migrate to mitochondria and inhibit phosphofructokinase

Front 21

What are the 2 parts of glycolysis

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1) energy spending - Splits glucose and turns it into 2 triose sugars taking 2 ATP to do so
2) energy payoff - 2 NADH are formed by dehydrogenating those sugars and 4 ATP are made turning those into pyruvate.