Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell respiration
|
the means by which cells extract energy stored in food and transfer that energy to molecules of ATP
|
|
anaerobic respiration
|
without oxygen
|
|
types of anaerobic respiration
|
alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation
|
|
aerobic respiration
|
with oxygen
|
|
if is undergoes aerobic respiration, it is followed by
|
krebs cycle, electron transport chain, and oxidative phosphorylation
|
|
if anaerobic respiration, glycolysis is followed by
|
alcoholic fermentation or lactic acid fermentation
|
|
a molecule of ATP consists of
|
adenosine and three phosphates
|
|
why is ATP unstable
|
it has 3 phosphates that are all negatively charged and repel one another
|
|
when one phosphate group is removed from ATP by hydrolysis, a more____Molecule is produced
|
stable
|
|
glycolysis
|
10 step process that breaks down 1 molecule of glucose (6 carbon sugar) into 2 three carbon molecules of pyruvate and releases 4 molecules of ATP
|
|
the energy of activation for glycolysis is
|
2 ATP
|
|
the glycolysis of 1 molecule of glucose gives a net gain of ____ATP
|
2
|
|
glycolysis occurs in the___
|
cytoplasm
|
|
the end product of glycolysis
|
pyruvate
|
|
during glycolysis, ATP is produced by_____
|
substrate level phosphorylation
|
|
PFK is an____enzyme
|
allosteric
|
|
the role of PFK in glycolysis
|
it inhibits glycolysis when the cell has enough ATP and does not need to produce any more.
|
|
fermentation can generage ATP during anaerobic response as long as there is an adequate supply of
|
NAD+ to accept electrons during glycolysis
|
|
alcohol fermentation
|
-process by which certain cells convert pyruvate from glycolysis into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide
|
|
lactic acid fermentation
|
-pyruvate from glycolysis is reduced to form lactic acid.
-process in which dairy industries produce yogurt and cheese -NADH gets oxidized back to NAD+ |
|
lactic acid in the muscle causes
|
fatigue and burning.
-lactic acid continues to build up until the blood can supply the muscles with enough oxygen to repay the oxygen debt |
|
krebs cycle
|
a cyclical series of enzyme catalyzed reactions also known as the citric acid cycle
|
|
the krebs cycle takes place in the______and requires____
|
matrix of the mitochondria and require pyruvate
|
|
each molecule of glucose is broken down to___molecules of pyruvate and the respiration of each molecule of glucose causes the krebs cycle to turn__times
|
2 molecules of pyruvate
2 times |
|
before pyruvate enters the kreb cycle, it must
|
1) combine with coenzyme A to form acetyl co-A
2) this conversion produces 2 NADH (one for each pyruvate) |
|
each turn of the krebs cycle releases....
|
3 NADH
1 ATP 1 FADH 1 CO2 (waste product) |
|
in the first step of the krebs cycle,
|
acetyl co-A combines with oxaloacetic acid to produce citric acid.
|
|
electron transport chain is located in the
|
cristae membrane of mitochondria
|
|
the mitochondrion is enclosed by a ___membrane
|
double
|
|
the outer membrane of mitochondrion is____, but the inner is_____
|
1) smooth
2) folded |
|
the inner membrane of the mitochondrion is caused
|
cristae
|
|
NAD and FAD are
|
coenzymes that carry protons or electrons from glycolysis and the Krebs cycle to the electron transport chain
|
|
the electron transport chain is a
|
proton pump in the mitochondria that uses the energy released from the exergonic flow of electrons to pump protons from the matrix to the outer compartment
|
|
ATP is produced during
|
chemiosmosis
|
|
the electron transport chain carries electrons delivered by_____and_____ from glycolysis and the krebs cycle to____, the final electron acceptor through a series of______
|
1) NAD and FAD
2) Oxygen 3) REDOX reactions |
|
will NAD or FAD produce more ATP?
|
NAD will = 3 ATP
FAD = 2 ATP |
|
chemiosmotic theory
|
chemiosmosis uses potential energy stored in the form of a proton H+ gradient to phosphorylate ADP and produce ATP
|
|
ATP is produced in 2 ways
|
1) substrate level phosphorylation
2) oxidative phosphorylation |
|
oxidative phosphorylation
|
-occurs during chemiosmosis
-the way in which 90% of all ATP is produced 1) FAD and NAD loses protons to the electron transport chain, which cuases a steep proton gradient. 2) this gradient powers the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP |