Cell Processes And Energy Review

Front 1

interphase

Back 1

cell grows to its mature size; makes a copy of its DNA; prepares to divide into two cells

Front 2

guanine

Back 2

a nitrogen base that pairs with cytosine

Front 3

cytosine

Back 3

a nitrogen base that pairs with guanine

Front 4

thymine

Back 4

a nitrogen base that pairs with adenine

Front 5

adenine

Back 5

a nitrogen base that pairs with thymine

Front 6

mitosis

Back 6

the stage during which the cell's nucleus divides into two new nuclei

Front 7

PMAT

Back 7

the abbreviation for the phases of Mitosis:

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Front 8

chromatids

Back 8

identical strands of the chromosomes

Front 9

cytokinesis

Back 9

the stage when two new daughter cells are formed; final stage of cell cycle during which the cytoplasm divides

Front 10

nitrogen bases

Back 10

a pair of molecules that make up each rung of the ladder

Front 11

deoxyribose and phosphate

Back 11

alternating sugars that make up the sides of the DNA ladder

Front 12

DNA replication

Back 12

process in which a cell makes a copy of the DNA in its nucleus to ensure that each daughter cell produced in the cell cycle has the genetic information it needs for the cell to function

Front 13

chromosome

Back 13

doubled rod of condensed chromatin

Front 14

centromere

Back 14

holds the two chromatids together at the center

Front 15

prophase

Back 15

when the spindle fibers form a bridge between the ends of the cell; the threadlike chromatin in the cell's nucleus begins to condense into tiny rods; 1st phase of mitosis

Front 16

metaphase

Back 16

chromosomes line up across the center (middle) of the cell

Front 17

anaphase

Back 17

chromatids move to opposite ends and begin to pull away from one another

Front 18

telophase

Back 18

nuclear membrane forms around chromosomes; final phase of mitosis

Front 19

Products of Photosynthesis

Back 19

oxygen and sugars (glucose)

Front 20

Chlorophyll and other pigments

Back 20

captures energy from sunlight during photosynthesis

Front 21

photosynthesis

Back 21

cell uses the energy in sunlight to make food; almost all living things depend on this process to supply them with the energy they need

Front 22

oxygen

Back 22

a product of photosynthesis that most living things need to survive; what respiration in most cells require to obtain energy from food

Front 23

heterotrophs

Back 23

receives energy from sunlight indirectly; benefit from photosynthesis because it creates food that they can eat

Front 24

respiration

Back 24

glucose gets broken down, releasing energy

Front 25

cytoplasm

Back 25

the place where 1st stage of respiration takes place

Front 26

mitochondria

Back 26

the place where 2nd stage of respiration takes place; it releases most of the energy in glucose

Front 27

photosynthesis and respiration

Back 27

they have opposite equations; they keep the levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere

Front 28

fermentation

Back 28

term refers to the production of energy by a cell without using oygen

Front 29

yeast

Back 29

a form of alcoholic fermentation

Front 30

lactic–acid fermentation

Back 30

too little oxygen in muscle cells

Front 31

stomata

Back 31

small openings that allow carbon dioxide to enter a leaf

Front 32

sun

Back 32

provides the energy that plants need to make their own food

Front 33

products of respiration

Back 33

carbon dioxide, water, and energy

Front 34

reactants of photosynthesis

Back 34

water and carbon dioxide

Front 35

autotrophs

Back 35

receive energy from sunlight directly

Front 36

1st stage of photosynthesis

Back 36

involves capturing the energy in sunlight

Front 37

2nd stage of photosynthesis

Back 37

the cell uses the captured energy to produce sugars

Front 38

organic compounds

Back 38

contain the element carbon

Front 39

passive transport

Back 39

the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy; materials move from higher to lower concentration through a cell membrane; diffusion and osmosis

Front 40

active transport

Back 40

refers to the movement of materials through a cell membrane when energy is required

Front 41

osmosis

Back 41

refers to the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane

Front 42

diffusion

Back 42

refers to the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; type of passive transport

Front 43

enzyme

Back 43

refers to proteins that speed up chemical reactions in living things

Front 44

starches

Back 44

when sugar molecules can combine to form large molecules

Front 45

DNA and RNA

Back 45

examples of nucleic acids

Front 46

nucleic acids

Back 46

contain the instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life

Front 47

sugars and starches

Back 47

examples of carbohydrates

Front 48

oxygen and carbon dioxide

Back 48

examples of molecules that move across cell membranes through a process called diffusion

Front 49

fats, oils, and waxes

Back 49

examples of lipids

Front 50

proteins

Back 50

made up of smaller molecules called
amino acids

Front 51

element

Back 51

any substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances

Front 52

atom

Back 52

smallest unit of an element

Front 53

molecule

Back 53

smallest unit of most compounds

Front 54

compound

Back 54

when two or more elements combine chemically

Front 55

selectively permeable

Back 55

means that some substances can pass through it while others cannot

Front 56

water

Back 56

helps cells keep their size and shape; helps keep the temperature of cells from changing rapidly; allows chemical reactions in cells to take place