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55 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

What are the 3 main components of a cell?

Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus.

What is the cell membrane?

The outermost covering surrounding the cytoplasm and help maintain cell shape.

What is a semi permeable membrane?

Allows only selective substances to move in or out of the cell by osmosis or diffusion.

What is the cell membrane made up of?

Tri lamellar structure made of phospholipids and glycoproteins.

What are passive channels?

Remain open all the time, ions can move freely across the membrane. (Na+ and K+ channels)

What are active channels?

Gated channels, classified into 2 types.

What are voltage regulated channels?

Open gates to allow ions to exchange across cell membrane, only if change in voltage. Found in nerve cells and muscle cells.

What are chemically regulated channels?

Respond to certain chemicals produced by the body. Located in cell membranes at synapses.

What are chemically regulated channels?

Respond to certain chemicals produced by the body. Located in cell membranes at synapses.

What does the cytoplasm consist of?

Mitochondria, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, golgi apparatus, centrosome, vacuoles.

What is the mitochondria?

"Powerhouse of cell". Help produce energy in form of ATPS. Responsible for internal respiration at cellular level (exchange of gases).

What is the mitochondria?

"Powerhouse of cell". Help produce energy in form of ATPS. Responsible for internal respiration at cellular level (exchange of gases).

What are the ribosomes?

Small granular particles in cytoplasm. Made up of 60% RNA and 40% protein. Found in free form as well as endoplasmic reticulum. Main function is protein synthesis.

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Network of double walled tubules. They help in synthesis of lipids and fatty acids, help transport proteins.

What are the lysosomes?

These are small vesicles containing enzymes. These are also known as "digestive organs" of the cell. Help break down proteins, carbs, and fats.

What is the golgi apparatus?

Between cell membrane and nucleus, helps in distribution of proteins, lipids, and other substances to diff location within or outside of the cell.

What are the centrosomes?

Made up of 9 bundles, each bundle having three tubules. Responsible for spindle formation during cell division.

DNA

Double helix structure made up of nucleotides held together by hydrogen bonds. Carries genetic info.

mRNA

Messenger RNA. Carries messages from nucleus to ribosomes.

rRNA

Decodes info, identifies amino acid needed to make specific protein.

tRNA

Carries a specific amino acid to the proper place to build an amino acid chain.

Important properties of cells

Growth, Reproduction, Absorption, Metabolism, Excretion, Secretion and Irritability.

Hypertrophy

Increase in the size of a cell or organ beyond its normal size.

Hyperplasia

Increase in the size of an organ due to increase in number of cells.

Atrophy

A decrease in size of an organ from its normal size.

Aplasia

If a tissue or organ fails to develop completely.

Mitosis

Division of the cell to produce the two daughter cells with exact copy of mother's genetic material. Diploid cells - same # of chromosomes as mother cell.

Meiosis

Number of chromosomes is reduced to half in daughter cells (haploid). Sperm and Ova produced with meiosis.

What are the 2 types of absorption processes?

Phagocytosis: (Cell eating) and Pinocytosis: (Cell drinking)

Secretion

Release of useful substances by the cells. Certain cells secrete proteins and enzymes by exocytosis, opposite of pinocytosis.

Excretion

Elimination of waste products by the cells

Metabolism

The sum total of all biochemical reactions taking place in all the cells in body.

Catabolism

Substances are broken down into simple units to release energy. E.g. Glucose + O2 → CO2 + Water + Energy.

Anabolism

Making complex substances from simple units. These are synthesized depending on nutritional requirements of the cells.

Irritability

Property of cell to respond to a stimulus.*The muscle cells have property to contract when stimulated

Active Transportation

Movement of molecules through a membrane against their concentration gradient.

Passive Transportation

Particles move across the plasma membrane without utilizing the cell energy. i.e. they utilize their own kinetic energy to move from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration.

Osmosis

Movement of water across a semi permeable membrane.

Diffusion

Movement of dissolved particles across the membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Facilitated diffusion

For big molecules like proteins that can't easily pass through the membrane.

Chemical composition of cells

Water: 85% Proteins: 10% Lipids: 2% Carbohydrates:1.5% Inorganics: 1.5%

Water in cells

40% - Intracellular fluid (fluid inside the cell) 15% - Interstitial fluid (synovial fluid in joints, serous fluid in visceral spaces, lymph, fluid between the cells etc.) 5% - Intravascular fluid (plasma)

Isotonic Fluids

A fluid has the same number of particles (osmolality 275-300 mOsm/L) as of body fluids. *Normal saline

Hypertonic Fluids

Higher osmolality than body cells or body fluids. *10% dextrose.

Hypotonic Fluids

Lower osmolality than body cells or body fluids. *D5W

Crystalloids

Dissolve in water. *salt in water. Can easily move from one compartment to another. Replacement fluids and maintenance.

Colloids

Do not dissolve in water but can be suspended. *Peanut butter is suspension of solid in oil. Large molecules that cannot easily move.

Proteins

Large molecules made up of amino acids.

Non-essential amino acids

Produced by the body in sufficient quantity like cystine and glycine.

Essential amino acids

Not synthesized by the body in sufficient amount and must be added in the food to ensure normal growth. e.g. lysin, tryptophen.

Structural Proteins

Help in building body structures like collagen, elastin and keratin

Reactive Proteins

Needed for various biochemical reactions in body. E.g. enzyme, protein hormones, hemoglobin.

Lipids

Fats and related substances. These are non-soluble in water. Long chain of carbon atoms with hydrogen and oxygen atoms attached to them.

Carbohydrates

Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Inorganic ions

Very important to maintain the pH and to regulate the osmotic pressure of the cells.