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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cell Theory |
Robert Hook Building blocks of all plants and animals come from division of preexisting cells smallest units-perform vital functions maintains cellular homeostasis |
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Endosymbiotic Theory |
Eukaryotes evolved from symbiotice retationships between anaerobic bacteria and intracellular aerobic bacteria (chloroplasts and mitochondria) |
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Endosymbiotic Throry evidence |
mitochondria and chlorplasts have bacterial traits: ribosomes, DNA, and reproduce by binary fission (mitochondrial DNA from our mom) |
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Somatic cells |
soma=body All body cells except sex cells |
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Sex Cells |
Germ cells reroductive cells male sperm female oocyte |
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Cell functions |
metabolism molecule synthesis communication reproduction and inheritance |
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Extracellular fluid |
surrounds cell interstitial fluid+plasma+cerebrospinal fluid+synovial fluid |
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Plasma membrane |
separates cytoplasm from extracellular fluid |
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Cytoplasm |
cytosol+organelles |
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Cytosol |
watery matrix: dissolved materials High potassium and protein, low sodium levels compared to ECF High carb, low a.a. and fat in cell |
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Organelles |
little organs structures with specific functions |
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Nonmembranous organelles |
direct contact with cytosol cytoskeleton, microvilli, centrioles, cilia, ribosomes, proteasomes |
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Membranous Organelles |
Plasma membrane isolated from Cytosol Nucleus, ER, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, mitochondria |
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Cytoskeletone |
Structural proteins: shape and strength Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules |
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Microfilaments |
thin filaments-actin provide mechanical strength interact with proteins pair with thick filaments (myosin) for muscle movement |
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Intermediate filaments |
mid-sized durable(collagen) strengthen cell, maintain shape stabilize organelles stabilize cell position |
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Microtubules |
large, hollow, (tubulin) strengthen cell, anchor organelles change cell shape move vesicles w/in cell form spindle apparatus during cell division-pulls chromosomes across cell |
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Centrioles |
2 only in centromere barrel-shaped: 9 microtubule triplets Forms spindle apparatus, used in cilia and flagella movement |
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Microvilli |
Increase surface area of cell small intestine, stereocilia, WBC, oocyte |
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Cilia |
small, hair-like extensions Move fluids across cell surface Alveoli: gas exchange in lungs Fallopian tubes |
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Ribosomes |
Nucleolus==>shipped to cytoplasm Build polypeptides in protein synthesis Free: cytoplasm, build proteins Fixed: attached to E.R, secrete proteins |
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Proteasomes |
Contain enzymes Break down damaged proteins for recycling |
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Membranous Organelles |
Nucleus Endoplasmic reticulum (Rough and Smooth) Golgi apparatus Lysosomes Peroxisomes Mitochondria (dbl membrane) |
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Nucleus |
Houses DNA Cell's control center |
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Nuclear envelope |
Phospholipid double membrane nuclear pores: traffic in and out |
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Inside the Nucleus |
Chromatin: DNA and proteins Nucleolus: Ribosome manufacture Nucleoplasm: Nuclear fluid |
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Endoplasmic reticulum |
Cisternae: storage chambers Synthesis, Storage, Transport & Detoxification "Manufacturing Plant" |
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smooth E.R |
Make lipids and carbs -phospholipids and cholesterol (membranes) -steroid hormones (reproductive system) -glycerides (liver and fat storage) -glygogen (muscle storage) |
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rough E.R. |
Ribosomes attached Protein and glycoprotein synthesis Folds polypeptide proteins Encloses products in transport vesicles |
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Golgi apparatus |
Membranous sacs E.R vesicles fuse to Golgi apparatus Proteins are modified, sorted, sent in new vesicles "Post Office Shipping" |
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Lysosomes |
Enzyme vesicles: bacteria, damaged Primary and Secondary lysosomes Lyso-dissolve Soma-body |
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Primary lysosome |
formed by Golgi Apparatus inactive enzymes |
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Secondary lysosomes |
fused with damaged organelle activated digestive enzymes isolate toxic chemicals break down bacteria or damaged cell parts |
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Lysosome functions |
Clean inside of cells: waste, bacteria, damaged Autolysis: self-destruction of cells --lysosome membranes break down --digestive enzymes --cell decomposes --materials recycle |
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Peroxisomes |
vesicles with enzymes break down amino acids, lipids, protein Produce H2O2 replicate by division |
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Mitochondria |
Use glucose: carbs, lipids and proteins Make ATP Dbl membrane: --inner carries ATP proteins (cell metabolism) Matrix-site of reactions-release energy |
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Plasma Membrane structure |
Phospholipid double layer Hydrophilic heads-both sides, love water hydrophobic fatty acids-inside membrane, kinks increase fluidity Semi-permeable: selective |
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Plasma membrane functions |
Physical isolation Regulate exchange w/environment Monitors environment Structural support |
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Fluid-Mosaic model |
Membrane is fluid, not static Unsaturated fatty acid tails kink=fluidity Cholesterol |
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Plasma membrane protein locations |
Integral proteins --span membrane --amphipathic: polar and nonpolar ends Peripheral proteins --inner or outer surface of membrane |
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Types of Membrane proteins |
Anchoring (stabilizing) Recognition (identifying) Enzymes (catalyze) Receptor (Bind and respond) Carrier (transport) Channels (water flow) |
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Selective permeability restricts materials based on |
lipid solubility (lipo- or hydro-philic)
Size/shape Electrical charge |
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Transport Mechanisms |
Passive Active Endocytosis/Exocytosis Filtration |
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Passive Transport |
Does not require ATP -diffusion -osmosis -facilitated diffusion rely on concentration gradients-move down |
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Osmosis |
Movement of water across semipermeable membrane High Conccentration H20-->low move water to side with more particles (solutes) |
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Osmotic Pressure |
From particles in solution Side with more particles wins Greater difference in concentration=greater osmotic pressure=greater pull on water |
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isoosmotic |
Solutions have same concentration of solute |
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Hyperosmotic |
Greater concentration is hyperosmotic to loeer concentration |
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Hypoosmotic |
lesser concentration is hypoosmotic to greater concentration |
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Tonicity |
describes how a CELL will behave in a solution |
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Isotonic |
Body fluids are isoosmotic to cells equal concentration of solutes and water on both sides of cell membrane No net movement of water |
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Hypertonic |
Solution is higher concentration of solutes than cell Net movement: water Out of cell, osmosis Cell crenates (shrivels) |
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Hypotonic |
Solution has lower concentration than cell Water movement into cell Cell hemolyzes (swells) |
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Facilitated diffusion |
Move ions and Large polar molecules down concentration gradient Large items cant get through membrane easy Transport proteins: Channel and Carrier |
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Channel proteins |
Like pores let small polar molecules or ions through Nongated and Gated channels |
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Nongatet channels |
macaroni tubes Always open in normal cells Responsible for permeability of plasma membrane to ions when membrane at rest |
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Gated Channels |
open and close Ligand gated: open in response to small molecules that bind to integral proteins and glycoproteins Voltage gated: open when charge changes across area of membrane |
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Carrier proteins |
Integral proteins Carry large nonpolar, polar or ionic molecules down concentration gradient -have specific binding sites -protein changes shape for transportation -original shape after transport -move amino acids, glucose & proteins |
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How are Carrier proteins like enzymes |
Specificity: single type of molecule Competition: molecules of similar shape Saturation: transport rate limited to # of available carrier proteins |
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Active transport |
Pump substances across membrane AGAINST concentration gradients ATP low-->high Pumps |
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Primary Active transport |
ATP allows cell to accumulate substances against conc. gradient Transport rate depends on substrate and ATP Sodium/potassium pump creates electrical potential across membranes |
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Na+/K+ ATPase steps |
ATP binds to ATP binding site - 3 Na+ ions binds to protein ATP->ADP+Pi - releases energy that pumps Na+ ions to other side ADP leaves-then 2 K+ binds Pi leaves and protein reverts to original shape & transports 2K+ to intracellular environment Cycle repeats |
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secondary active transport |
set up by primary active transport Na/K pump--->Na/Glucose pump |
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Large molecule transport |
Exo/Endocytosis-large molecules across membrane |
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Exocytosis |
Membrane-bound vesicle fuses with plasma membrane and secretes contents outside of cell Secrete: digestive enzymes by pancreas -mucous by salivary glands -milk by mammary glands |
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Endocytosis |
Substance brought into cell and plasma membrane buds inward Phagocytosis Pinocytosis receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Filtration |
like a sieve Depends on pressure difference Moves from greater pressure to lower blood pressure: causes fluid movement out of capillaries to interstitium -water and small molecules move through membrane, large stay in blood |
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Secondary messenger systems |
cAMP and G-protein coupled mechanisms |
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Goals of transport |
Move molecules in and out of cell
Maintain concentration gradients: of particles in and out-so cell doesnt bust so molecules diffuse where they need to -(O2&CO2) so excitable cells can conduct charge |
