Cell Physiology

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the specific location on an enzyme molecule that is used to perform the particular catalytic function

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active site

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with oxygen

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aerobic

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an organic molecule which is composed of a central carbon atom to which is bonded an amino acid group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a hydrogen, and a variable group which distinguishes the 20 different amino acids

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amino acid

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without oxygen

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anaerobic

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adenosine triphosphate; the nucleotide which is primary energy-carrying molecule in a cell

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ATP

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in gentics, one of the nitrogen-containing molecules which distinguish the five nucleotides used in making the nucleic acids

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base

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complementary pairs of purines and pyrimidines found in the construction of the DNA double helix

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base pair

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the specific chemical reactions which occur in mitochondria that use oxygen to break down the end products of glycolysis into carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

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cellular respiration

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a large organic molecule composed of glucose subunits having a particular bonding arrangement

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cellulose

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photosynthesis reactions which use energy derived from the light-dependent reactions to combine carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrate

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dark reactions

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the breaking of the bonds that hold together a complex protein molecule

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denaturation

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an organic molecule composed of deoxyribose nucleotides, which contains the genetic information in all living cells and some viruses

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deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

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a five-carbon monosaccharide used in the construction of deoxyribose nucleotides

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deoxyribose

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a carbohydrate formed by the covalent bonding of two monosaccharides through a dehydration reaction

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disaccharide

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a molecule which can recieve and release electrons, usually active in energy-releasing reactions such as cellular respiration

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electron carrier

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a system of molecules found in the inner membrane of mitochondria and chloroplasts through which energy is extrected from high-energy electrons and stored in ATP

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electron transport system

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a protein which functions as a catalyst by speeding up specific biological reactions without itself being permanently altered

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enzyme

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anaerobic reactions which convert the pyruvic acid produced during glycolysis into alcohol or lactic acid

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fermentation

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a poly saccharide used as an animal carbohydrate storage material which is composed of branched chains of glucose subunits

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glycogen

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biochemical reactions in a cell that break down glucose into two molecules of pyruvic acid and two molecules of ATP

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glycolysis

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type of bond formed by the removal of a water molecule which holds together chains of sugar molecules

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glycosidic bond

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a weak attraction between a hydrogen having a partial positive charge and another atom having a partial negative charge

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hydrogen bond

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the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 liter of water 1 degree C

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kilocalorie & nutritional calorie

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a cyclic series of biochemical reactions in which the carbons of the acetyl group of acetyl CoA are oxidized to carbon dioxide with the formation of ATP and the release of electrons

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krebs cycle

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energy-capturing reactions of photosynthesis, occurring in the thylakoid discs of the chloroplasts, in which ATP is produced and water is split into hydrogen and oxygen atoms

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light dependent reactions

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a water-insoluble organic molecule composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, such as fats, waxes, steroids, and phospholipids

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lipid

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a carbohydrate composed of a single chain or ring of carbon atoms to which are attached hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups (OH)

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monosaccharide

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an organic molecule composed of a nitrogen-containing base, a five-carbon monosaccharide, and aphosphate group

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nucleotide

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an organic molecule composed of subunits called nucleotides

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nucleic acid

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the type of covalent bond between two amino acids in which the amino group of one amino acid is linked to the carboxyl group of another amino acid

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peptide bond

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a lipid in which a glycerol molecule is bonded to two fatty acids and one phosphate molecule

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phospholipid

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the series of reactions in plants and plantlike protists in which light energy is used to synthesize high-energy organic compounds called carbohydrates from low-energy inorganic compounds, usually carbon dioxide and water

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photosynthesis

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a large molecule composed of many smaller, similar, or identical subunits

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polymer

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a chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

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polypeptide

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the amino acid sequence of a protein molecule

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primary protein structure

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a large organic molecule composed of one or more chains of amino acids

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protein

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a nitrogen-containing nucleic acid base which consists of joined five- and six-sided rings

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purine

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a nitrogen-containing nucleic acid base which consists of one six-sided ring

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pyrimidine

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a complex protein structure composed of two different protein molecules

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quaternary protein structure

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an organic molecule composed of ribose nucleotides which is involved in hereditary processes

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ribonucleic acid (RNA)

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a five-carbon monosaccharide used in the construction of ribose nucleotides

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ribose

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a more complex arrangement of the protein molecule held in place by hydrogen bonds

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secondary protein structure

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complex, three-dimensional arrangements of protein molecules

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tertiary protein structure