Cell Phys Exam 1

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Disease

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Any deviation from, or interruption of, the normal structure and function of the body

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Cell degeneration

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Reversible injury to a cell

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Cell Necrosis

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Irreversible injury to a cell that ultimately results in death, death of cells in living tissue

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Apoptosis

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Active process whereby cells initiate and progress to death, cell causes its own death

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Oncosis

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Passive process where cells are unable to maintain homeostasis and thus proceeds to cell death

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Vascular thrombosis

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Inappropriate clot forms on interior wall of heart or vessel, causes paralysis

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Acute Inflammation

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Characterized by predominate neutrophils, protein exudate on, redness, heat, swelling, pain, and loss of function. Only lasts a few days. Ex. Pneumonia

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Chronic Inflammation

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Characterized by macrophages and lymphocytes, proliferation of blood vessels, fibrosis, and tissue necrosis. Lasts days to years building up scar tissue.

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Neoplasia

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Disease process characterized by cells derived from normal tissues that have undergone heritable genetic changes allowing them to become unresponsive to normal growth controls. Can be benign or malignant. CANCER

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Hyperplasia

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Increased tissue mass due to increased number of cells, non-neoplastic

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Hypertrophy

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Increased tissue mass due to increased size of cells, non-neoplastic

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Atrophy

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Decreased tissue mass due to decreased number and/or size of cells, non-neoplastic

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Hypoplasia

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Decreased tissue mass due to failure to develop normally, non-neoplastic

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Central dogma

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DNA - RNA - proteins

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Exons

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Coding region of a gene on DNA

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Exons

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Coding region of a gene on DNA

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Introns

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Non coding regions of the gene, must be spliced out

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Mitosis

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Copies of each chromosome separate to opposite poles in order for 2 daughter cells to form. Cell replication

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Mitosis

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Copies of each chromosome separate to opposite poles in order for 2 daughter cells to form. Cell replication

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G1 phase

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The time between cell replications where the cell is performing normal functions.

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Mitosis

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The process of somatic cell division resulting in the formation of 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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G1 phase

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The time between cell replications where the cell is performing normal functions.

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S phase

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When DNA synthesis produces a precise copy of each chromosome forming two sister chromatids joined at a centromere

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G2 phase

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A brief time gap between the S phase and mitosis

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DNA polymerase

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An enzyme that uses each DNA strand as a template to synthesize new strands of DNA

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Meiosis

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The process of germ cell division resulting in the formation of gametes containing half the number of chromosomes that are present in somatic cells

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rRNA (ribosomal)

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Various types used along with proteins to assemble ribosomes used in translation of mRNA into protein

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tRNA (transfer)

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Bring amino acids to the ribosome where they match up with codons of mRNA and add amino acids to the growing polypeptide chain.

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RNA polymerase

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An enzyme that transcribes DNA to mRNA, #2 transcribes protein coding genes

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Peptide bonds

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Join amino acids to one another, involve dehydration at the amino-group of one and the carboxyl-group of the other

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Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

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Binds amino acids to tRNA using ATP

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Synaptonemal Complex

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A protein that pairs chromosomes during meiosis 1

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Allele

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One of 2 or more alternative forms of a gene

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Pseudoautosomal Regions (PAR)

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Regions of the X and Y chromosomes that connect to form the synopsis to link the X and Y chromosomes, may undergo homologous recombination

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Meiotic Nondisjunction

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Failure of chromosome pairs to separate at meiosis, results in chromosomally abnormal fetuses, more likely to occur in eggs,

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Mitotic Nondisjunction

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Failure of chromosome pairs to separate at Mitotic division resulting in 2 populations of cells with different karyotypes, usually results in a nonviable fetus, may contribute to cancer if it occurs late in life

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Nucleotides

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Molecules that make up DNA and RNA, composed of a nitrogenous base, a sugar and a phosphate. Either A,T,G, and C

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Heterochromatin

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Densely packed DNA that cannot be read

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Euchromatin

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Loosely packed DNA that can easily be transcribed

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mRNA (messenger)

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Copied from DNA, nucleotide sequence specifies sequence of amino acids in proteins

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Epigenetics

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Heritable changes in gene expression that are not cause by changes to the underlying sequence of DNA. A change in phenotype without a change in genotype. Allow for cell differentiation. Caused by DNA methylation or histo me acetylation

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Histone acetal transferases

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An enzyme that loosens DNA structure by adding acetyl groups to histone tails, allowing transcription to occur

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Histone acetal transferases

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An enzyme that loosens DNA structure by adding acetyl groups to histone tails, allowing transcription to occur

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Histone deacetylases

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An enzyme that tightens DNA by removing an acetyl group so the histone a can compact DNA to repress transcription

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Histone acetal transferases

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An enzyme that loosens DNA structure by adding acetyl groups to histone tails, allowing transcription to occur

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Histone deacetylases

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An enzyme that tightens DNA by removing an acetyl group so the histone a can compact DNA to repress transcription

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Histone methyl transferase

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An enzyme that influences chromatin formation and DNA methylation

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DNA methylation

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The addition of a methyl group to cytosine at G-C junctions of DNA which prevents transcription by attracting proteins that block transcription

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Proteome

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The normal complement and amount of different proteins in a cell; measure of gene expression

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Amyloid

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A generic term for aggregates of proteins that become misfiled into the wrong shape allowing many to stick together, lose their function, disrupt normal tissues, play a role iamb neurogenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's

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Chaperones

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Assist in the correct folding of proteins and prevent misfiled proteins from causing a problem; originally known as heat shock proteins

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Chaperonins

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Proteins that take up unfolded or misfiled proteins and create an internal environment for proper folding.

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Proteosomes

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Enzymes that degrade proteins

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Ubiquitin ligase

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An enzyme that recognizes old or misfiled proteins and marks them with ubiquitin proteins for degrading

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Autophagosome

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A vesicles that contains damaged or old proteins and organelles that have been marked for destruction.

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Locus

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Where a gene is on a chromosome, a segment of DNA that occupies a specific location on a specific chromosome

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Allele

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Alternate versions of DNA sequence at a locus

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Polymorphism

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A locus that has 2 or more common alleles