Cell Parts Vocabulary

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Cell wall

Back 1

a rigid layer that lies outside a plant cell's plasma membrane that gives rigidity and protection

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Primary cell walls

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an organelle made directly on the surface of the plasma membrane that are strong and can't expand or grow (found in plants, bacteria, and fungus)

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Secondary cell walls

Back 3

a wall secreted by cells that have stopped growin between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall

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Plasma membrane

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phospholipid bilayer that surrounds the cell and gives it its boundaries

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Cytoplasm

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the region of the cell within the membrane that includes the fluid, the cytoskeleton, and all the organelles except the nucleus

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Cytosol

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part of the cytoplasm including the nucleus and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not organelles (fluid)

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Nucleus

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a membrane-bound organelle containing a cell's DNA and responsible for most functions of a eukaryotic cell

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Prokaryote

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an organism that laks a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles

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Eukaryote

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organism made up of 1 or more cells that have a nucleus and organelles

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Organelle

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a subcellular structure with well-defined, intracellular bodies that perform specific functions for that cell

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Tissue

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group of similar cells and their products that carry out a specific function

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Organs

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groups of tissues that perform a particular job in an organism

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Organ system

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group of organs that accomplish related tasks

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Chromatin

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threadlike material that immature DNA takes the form of when the cell is not dividing

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Phosophlipid bilayer

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layer in the plasma membrane where phospholipds line up so their hears point outward toward water and their taills point inward away from water

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Integral proteins

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specific protein embeded within the lipd layer that go completely through the plasma membrane

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Peripheral proteins

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proteins that are only on one side of the membrane and not embedded in it

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Fluid mosaic model

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states that the phosophlipd bilayer behave like a fluid more than it behaves like a solid

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Nucleolus

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dense area in the nucleus involved in the production of ribosomes

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Nuclear membrane

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doubke membrane surrounding the cuncleus made of two phospholipid bilayers that regulates what enters and exits

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Chromosome

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structures in the nucleus made of mature DNA and protein that chramatin is condensed into when a cell is about to divide

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Ribosomes

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organells made of protein and RNA that direct protein synthesis in the cytoplasm

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Golgi apparatus

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in the cytoplasm, packs products of ER in vesicles and ships them

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Vesicles

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Small, spherically shaped sacs that surrounded by a single membrane and that are classified by their contents (called plastids in plants)

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Lysosomes

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visicles that bud from the golgi apparatus and that contain degestive enzymes

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Peroxisomes

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similar to lysosomes, but containing different enzymes and not produced by the golgi apparatus

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Glyoxysomes

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specialized peroxizomes that break down fats to provide energy for the developing plant embryo

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Endosome

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produced by cells engulfinf material with plasma membrane and producing a pocket which buds off to become a vesicle

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Central vacuole

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large, fluid-filled organelle in plants that stores not only water, but also enzymes, metabolic wastes, and other materials

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Chloroplasts

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plastids that use energy to make carbohydrates from CO2 and H2O and holds photosynthetic pigments (used in photsynthesis)

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Thylakoids

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a system of flattened, membranous sacs in chloroplasts that hold the photosynthetic pigments

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Chlorophyll

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the photosynthetic pigment in the thylakoid membrane

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Chromoplasts

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contain colorful pigments and may or may not take part in photsynthesis

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Plastid

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organelles in plants surrounded by a double memrane and contain their own DNA and holds various things

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Mitochondria

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tiny organelles that transfer energy from organic molecules to A.T.P.

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Mitochondrial DNA

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DNA reproduced only by the division of pre-existing cells

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Endoplasmic Reticulum

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series of tubules that run through the cytoplasm and connect the plasma membrane to the rest of the cell and are used for transportation

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Rough ER

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system of interconneted, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes that produce protein

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Smooth ER

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system o f tubes and sacs without ribosomes that build lipids and steroids and transports the products

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Centrioles

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consists of 2 short cylinders of microtubules at right angles to each other and situated in the cytoplasm near the nuclear envelope (found only in animals, produce spindles)

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Flagella

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longer, less numerous hairlike structure with a membrane on their outer surface that move in a whip-like fashion to move the cell

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Cilia

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short, hairlike structures present in large numbers on the outside of cells that are involved in moving the cell

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Cytoskeleton

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A network of thin tubes and filaments that crisscrosses thte cytosol

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Microtubules

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hollow tubes made of a protein called tubulin (holds things in place and transports)

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Microfilaments

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long threads of the beadlike protein actin that are linked end to end and wrapped around each other like 2 strands pf rope (contract for movement)

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Intermediate filaments

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rods that anchor the nucleus and some other organelles to their places in the cell

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Differences between plants and animals

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Plants produce cell walls, contain a central vavuole, and go through cell division at a different rate that animals. Animals have centrioles