Cell Life Cycle, Mitosis And Meiosis

Front 1

daughter cells

Back 1

2 identical cells as a result of mitosis

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apoptosis

Back 2

genetically programmed cell death. suicide genes are activated during a certain period of stress

Front 3

DNA replication

Back 3

a copy of each parent gene must go into each daughter cell, hence the entire DNA from the parent must be replicated

Front 4

mitosis

Back 4

nuclear division of somatic cells. one parent cell will divide into two daughter cells with identical genes and features of the parent cell.

Front 5

meiosis

Back 5

production of sex cells.

Front 6

interphase

Back 6

what the cell is doing outside of mitosis normally. takes up the majority of the cell's life span.subdivided into four stages: g0, g1, S, and g2

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G0 phase

Back 7

cells performs its specialized functions. some cells may remain in G0 for the rest of their lives.

Front 8

G1 phase

Back 8

normal cell function, cell growth, duplicate organelles, prtein synthesis

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S phase

Back 9

DNA replication and the synthesis of histones

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G2 phase

Back 10

last minute protein synthesis plus the completion of centriole replication.

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prophase

Back 11

stage one of mitosis. chromosomes hypercoil, nucleoli dissapear as well as the nuclear envelope. longest stage in nuclear division.

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spindle fibers

Back 12

two pairs of centrioles migrate tot he poles of the cell and lay down an array of microtubules called spindle fibers. they push the centrioles apart.

Front 13

astral rays

Back 13

smaller microtubules that radiate out of the cytoplasm to form an aster (star)

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chromosomal microtubule

Back 14

an attached spindle fiber to the chromatids via a connection through kinetochore proteins

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metaphase

Back 15

stage 2 of mitosis. chromatids line up on the metaphase plate (equator of the cell)

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metaphase plate

Back 16

equator of the cell where chromatids line up. one chromatid of each pair (held together by a centromere) faces a pole of the cell while the other chromatid faces the other pole.

Front 17

anaphase

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stage 3 of mitosis. chromosomal spindles retract and pull apart the sister chromatids. now the chromatids are chromosomes pulled to the opposite poles. shortest phase of mitosis.

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telophase

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stage 4 of mitosis. cell prepares to return to interphase. the nuclear envelope reforms, chromosomes relax and uncoil, and nucleolus reappears. pinching of the cell begins as cell separates.

Front 19

cytokinesis

Back 19

cytoplasm division of daughter cells. starts at late anaphase and can be observed in telephase.

Front 20

mitotic rate

Back 20

rate of nuclear division of somatic cells. longer the life cycle of the cell the slower the mitotic rate. genetically controlled by growth hormones or M phase promoting factor.