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44 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
List some critical components of cell structure and fxn
1. Cell membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Cytoplasmic organelles (mitochondria, RER, SER, ribosomes, Golgi, vacuoles)
4. Cytoskeleton (cytoplasmic structural proteins)
5. Nucleus
List some important membrane proteins in fxning cell.
Ion channels,
transport proteins,
receptors,
cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion complexes
List some vacuoles (cytoplasmic organelles)
Lysosomes
Phagosomes
Peroxisomes
List 2 impt structural proteins of cytoskeleton.
1. Tonofilaments
2. Contractile proteins
Important components of nucleus.
1. Nuclear membrane (continuous w/ RER)
2. Chromatin (DNA and histones; nucleic acid and na associated proteins)
3. NA associated functional elements; DNA transcriptional machinery and transcription factors, DNA replication machinery (DNA synthetases & polymerases)
List main features of cell membrane.
1. Phospholipid bilayer
2. Protein components (membrane channel protein, etc)
3. Carbohydrate chains
4. Glycolipid residues
List of tansmembrane proteins functions.
1. Transport channel
2. Enzyme
3. Cell surface receptor
4. Cell surface markers
5. Cell adhesion
6. Attachment of cytoskeleton
Main fxns of organelles: RER.
Protein synthesis site.
Main fxns of organelles: Transport vesicles.
Transfer of newly synthesized proteins from RER to Golgi apparatus.
Main fxns of organelles: Golgi apparatus.
Site of protein structural maturation and refinement.
Main fxns of organelles: Secretory vesicles.
Transfer of finalized proteins from cytoplasm to cell membrane.
Main components of cytoskeleton.
1. Structural proteins
2. Intermediate filament
3. Endoplasmic reticulum (RER)
4. Ribosome
5. Microtubule
6. Mitochondrion
7. Microfilament
8. Plasma membrane
2 types of cell injury, and the consequences.
1. Reversible injury --> Return to Normal cell (homeostasis)

2. Irreversible injury --> Necrosis or Apoptosis (Cell death)
Main causes of cell injury (categories). (9)
1. Oxygen deprivation (hypoxia/ischemia)
2. Physical agents
3. Chemicals, toxins, drugs
4. Infectious agents
5. Immunological reactions or dysfunction
6. Genetic derangement
7. Nutritional deficiencies & imbalances
8. Workload imbalance
8. Aging
3 cellular adaptive responses to injury/stress.

& the consequences of these.
1. Increased cellular activity --> hypertrophy or hyperplasia

2. Decreased cellular activity --> atrophy

3. Altered cell type or position --> metaplasia or dysplasia
List different cell types w/ different adaptations or responses.
1. Labile cells- continuously replicating (epithelium)

2. Quiescent/stable cells- capable of division in response to demand (hepatocytes, osteoblasts, myocytes)

3. Permanent cells, or post-mitotic- non-dividing (neurons)
Define hypetrophy.
Increase in cell size --> increase in size of the organ.
- Due to increased synthesis of structural components
- May occur in non-dividing cells
- May occur w/ hyperplasia
Define hyperplasia.
Increase in number of cells.
2 types of hypetrophy.
1. Physiologic- caused by (1) increased workload, (2) hormonal stimulation
2. Pathologic (ex- in heart, hypertension or valvular defects/lesions --> chronic hemodynamic overload --> hypertrophy)
List 3 pathways contributing to cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
1. Mechanical stretch (increased work load)
2. Agonists (alpha-adrenergic hormones, antiotensin)
3. Growth factors (IGF-1)
Diagram pathways of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy.
See diagram.
See diagram.
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy is common in what species?
Cats.
- Will usually have congestive heart failure

- Some inherited component, autosomal dominant, in: Persian, Maine coon, American shorthairs
Define paresis.

- What is saddle thrombosis?
Weakness of voluntary movement, sometimes describing paralysis.

- Thrombosis is a blod clot in bloodstream, commonly begins in heart, is dislodged and ends up in aorta, then gets stuck on its way to smaller branches of arteries supplying blood to hind limbs. Becomes an embolism. Saddle thrombosis is embolism at base of aorta, cutting off blood supply to back legs. Extremely painful.
Define compensatory hyperplasia. Give an example.
Regeneration subsequent to tissue injury and loss.

- Example: dog w/ chronic liver damage --> nodular regenerative hyperplasia
4 molecular mechanisms in response to hepatocyte loss (compensatory hyperplasia).
1. Transcription factors
2. Antiapoptotic factors
3. DNA replication
4. Cellular proliferation
Give 2 mechanisms for hormone-induced hypertophy/hyperplasia, and the consequence.
1. Estrogenic stimulation (excessive/persistant)
2. Persistent CL --> elevated Progesterone

--> Cystic endometrial hyperplasia
--> (Pyometria)
What hormone-induced hypertrophy is common in aged dogs?
Aged male dogs... Canine Prostate Hyperplasia.
- Does not occur in castrated dogs, w/ removal of androgens
- Administration of estrogens causes prostate enlargement
What type of hyperplasia is estrogen responsible for? Testosterone?
Estrogen --> Muscular hyperplasia
Testosterone --> Epithelial hyperplasia
Maternal iodine deficiency during pregnancy will commonly cause what?
Thyroid gland hyperplasia, or "goiter" in the fetus.
Diagram feedback loop resulting in thyroid gland hyperplasia.
See diagram.
See diagram.
Describe the cellular adaptation, atrophy.
Reduced size of an organ/tissue resulting from decrease in cell size and number.
List 2 types of atrophy.
1. Physiologic
2. Pathologic
List main mechanisms for physiologic atrophy.
1. Normal development
2. Aging
3. Upon decrease of functional demand (possibly after withdrawal of hormone stimulation)

Ex- Notochord/thyroglossal duct, Thymus, Uterus, Mammary gland
Describe atrophy of the thymus.
Age related, resulting from apoptosis of lymphoid cells in the cortex.
What are the 2 types of pathologic atrophy?
1. Local
2. Generalized
List the 6 main causes of atrophy.
1. Decreased nutrient supply, or starvation (skeletal mm for E --> mm atrophy)
2. Deficient blood supply (--> tissue hypoxia)
3. Decreased workload, or disuse atrophy
4. Denervation atrophy
5. Pressure atrophy (impaired local blood supply)
6. Loss of endocrine stimulation
Describe denervation atrophy.
Peripheral nerve damage
--> Decreased neurogenic trophic stimulation
--> Loss of muscle mass
Diagram a main cause of adrenocortical atrophy.
See diagram.

-  May also be due to large "hormonally inactive chromophobe adenoma"- causes disruption of pituitary gland --> decreased ACTH --> atrophy
See diagram.

- May also be due to large "hormonally inactive chromophobe adenoma"- causes disruption of pituitary gland --> decreased ACTH --> atrophy
Give an example of a pressure atrophy.
Hydrocephalus.
= Prominent dilation of lateral ventricles, caused by accumulation of fluid
--> Compression of adjacent brain parenchyma
--> Atrophy
Define metaplasia.

* Most common epithelial metaplasia.
Reversible change, where one differentiated cell type is replaced by another cell type.
- May be adaptive substitution- cells sensitive to stress replaced by cells better able to withstand adverse environment
* Columnar --> Squamous is most common ep. met.
List main causes of metaplasia.
(Squamous metaplasia)
1. Chronic irritation
2. Vitamin A deficiency
3. Estrogen
(Other metaplasias)
4. Calculi / Stones (squamous metaplasia)
5. Osseous metaplasia; chronically injured soft tissues
6. Myeloid metaplasia; extramedullary hematopoiesis after bone marrow injury
7. Metaplasia occuring in tubors (chondroid and osseous)
Common dietary deficiency in Parrots, causing what condition?
Vitamin A deficiency
--> Squamous metaplasia of mucosal glands; white raised nodules on mucosal surface of esophagus.
- Replacement of normal mucosal epithelium and goblet cells w/ keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
What is a common metaplasia in the male dog?
Sertoli cell tumor in testes (neoplastic Sertoli cells)
--> Estrogen production
--> Prostate; squamous metaplasia of acinar epithelium
What is dysplasia?
Disorderly arrangement of epithelial cells.
-  Due to: Loss of differentiation, loss of cell polarity, features of atypia
-  Preneoplastic change (prior to tumor development)
Disorderly arrangement of epithelial cells.
- Due to: Loss of differentiation, loss of cell polarity, features of atypia
- Preneoplastic change (prior to tumor development)