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24 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Interphase
stages of the cell cycle (G1,S,G2) during which growth and DNA synthesis occur when the nucleus is not actively dividing.
Apoptosis
Programmed cell death involving a cascade of specific cellular events leading to death and destruction of the cell. Includes fragmentation of the nucleus and consumption of the cell by leukocytes.
What is the purpose of apoptosis?
Assists in preventing tumor development. Death of abnormal cells.
Why do cells undergo mitosis?
For growth and repair.
Prophase
Beginning of nuclear division. Chromatin condenses so that chromosomes appear. Nucleus disappears and nuclear envelope fragments. Spindle fibers begin to align sister chromatids.
What are the stages of mitosis?
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
Metaphase
Sister chromatids are aligned at the metaphase plate.
Anaphase
Sister chromatids are pulled apart to form daughter chromosomes. They are pulled toward the spindle poles by the spindle fibers.
Telophase
New nuclear envelopes begin to form around the daughter chromosomes. The chromosomes become more diffuse chromatin once again. Cytokinesis takes place.
Cytokinesis
Division of the cytoplasm following mitosis or meiosis.
What is the major difference in plant and animal mitosis?
Cytokinesis
Plant Cytokinesis
A small flattened disk appears between the two daughter plant cells near the site where the metaphase plate once was. A new cell wall is formed.
Animal Cytokinesis
A cleavage furrow forms and deepens. The contractile ring slowly forms a constriction between the two daughter cells until two separate cells are formed.
Prokaryotic Mitosis / Binary Fission
Before division takes place, the cell enlarges, and after DNA replication occurs, there are two chromosomes. These chromosomes attach to a special plasma membrane site and separate by an elongation of the cell that pulls them apart. During this period, new plasma membrane and cell wall develop and grow inward to divide the cell.
How is prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA packaged diferently?
Prokaryotic - Not contained in a nucleus.
Eukaryotic - Contained in the nucleus.
What are the differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic mitosis?
Prokaryots produce two new individual cells through asexual reproduction. For Reproduction!
Eukaryots produce a clone of the original cell for growth and repair.
What is different about cancerous cells, compared to normal cells?
Cancer cells divide uncontrollably – forming tumors.
They lack differentiation – are not specialized and do not contribute to the functioning of a tissue.
They have an abnormal nuclei – they are enlarged and may contain an abnormal number of chromosomes.
They do not undergo apoptosis.
They undergo metastasis and angiogenesis – they spread throughout the body forming new tumors and invade underlying tissues.
Proto-oncogenes
Genes that code for proteins that promote the cell cycle and prevent apoptosis. Cause the cell cycle to go or speed up.
Tumor Supressor Genes
Code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis. Cause the cell cycle to go more slowly or stop.
How do mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes contribute to cancer?
Mutations in proto-oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes result in cell mutations being allowed to continue, instead of stopping the cell cycle or killing the cell.
Oncogenes
Mutated Proto-oncogenes
Cancer-causing Genes
Telomeres
The ends of chromosomes that control cell division.
Angiogenesis
Formation of new blood vessels; one mechanism by which cancer spreads.
Metastasis
Spread of cancer from the place of origin throughout the body; cause by the abiliy of cancer cells to migrate and invade tissues.