Cell Cycle

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Cell cycle

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Mitotic phase, First growth phase, Synthesis phase, Second growth phase

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Interphase

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the cell copies its DNA in preparation for mitosis in this stage.

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G1

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Growth and normal metabolic roles, first phase of growth.

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S

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DNA replication, synthesis phase, interphase.

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G2

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Growth and preparation for mitosis, second growth phase.

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G0

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the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide

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Cancer

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A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.

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Mitosis

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parent cell divides into two identical cells. These two new cells are called daughter cells. They have the exact same genetic information as the original cell. They are Identical to the original parent cell.

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Cancer

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A disease in which abnormal cells divide uncontrollably and destroy body tissue.

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Cell division

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a parent celldivides into two or more daughter cells. Cell divisionusually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle.

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Parent cell

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a cell that divides to produce two or more daughter cell

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Cell division

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Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. Cell division usually occurs as part of a larger cell cycle

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Checkpoint

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A checkpoint is one of several points in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the progression of a cell to the next stage in the cycle

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Prophase

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Chromosomes condensed and the nuclear envelope is not apparent.

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Metaphase

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the third phase of mitosis, the process that separates duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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Anaphase

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fourth phase of mitosis, the process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells.

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Telophase

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Chromosomes become more diffused, first envelope begins to form.

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Cytokinesis

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physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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Cell plate

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endosomal vesicles carrying cell wall and cell membrane components to the plane of cell division and the subsequent fusion of these vesicles within thisplate.

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Chromatin

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complex of DNA and proteins that forms chromosomes within the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

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Centrioles

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cell structure composed mainly of a protein called tubulin that is found in most eukaryotic cells.

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Microtubules

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ilamentous intracellular structures that are responsible for various kinds of movements in all eukaryotic cells.

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Nuclear envelope/membrane

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double lipid bilayer membrane which surrounds the genetic material and nucleolus in eukaryotic cells. The nuclear membraneconsists of two lipid bilayers—the inner nuclear membrane, and the outer nuclear membrane.

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Nucleolus

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the nuclear subdomain that assembles ribosomal subunits in eukaryotic cells.

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poles

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either extremity of the main axis of a nucleus, cell, or organism. Important structures situated close to such extremities have also been regarded as poles (e.g. animal cell centrosomes).

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Spindle fibers

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Spindle fibers form a protein structure that divides the genetic material in a cell. Thespindle is necessary to equally divide the chromosomes in a parental cell into two daughter cells during both types of nuclear division: mitosis and meiosis.

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Metaphase plate

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centromeres of the chromosomes convene themselves on themetaphase plate (or equatorial plate), an imaginary line that is equidistant from the two centrosome poles.

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Cleavage furrow

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cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell's surface that begins the progression of cleavage, by which animal and some algal cells undergo cytokinesis, the final splitting of the membrane, in the process of cell division.

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Meiosis

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specialized type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. This process occurs in all sexually reproducing single-celled and multicellular eukaryotes.

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Gametes

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a mature haploid male or female germ cell that is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Example:egg & Sperm

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Somatic cell

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A somatic cell is any cell of the body except sperm and egg cells. Somatic cells are diploid, meaning that they contain two sets of chromosomes, one inherited from each parent.

Example: Blood cell , skin cell

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Haploid

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Haploid is the term used when a cell has half the usual number of chromosomes. A normal eukaryote organism is composed of diploid cells, one set of chromosomes from each parent.

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Diploid

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Diploid is a cell or organism that has paired chromosomes, one from each parent. In humans, cells other than human sex cells, are diploid and have 23 pairs of chromosomes

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Zygote

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eukaryotic cell formed by a fertilization event between two gametes.

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Meiosis I

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In most organisms, these links are essential to direct each pair of homologous chromosomes to segregate away from each other during Meiosis I

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Meiosis II

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Meiosis II, the cohesion between sister chromatids is released and they segregate from one another, as during mitosis. In some cases all four of the meiotic products form gametes such as sperm, spores, or pollen.

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n

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Haploid cell

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2n

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Diploid cell

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Homologous chromosomes

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Homologous chromosomes are similiar but not identical. Each carries the same genes in the same order, but the alleles for each trait may not be the same.

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independent assortment

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Independent Assortment describes how different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop.

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crossing over

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exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes that results in recombinant chromosomes during sexual reproduction.

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biodiversity

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variety and variability of life on Earth. One of the most widely used definitions defines it in terms of the variability within species, between species, and between ecosystems.

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genetic diversity

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Genetic diversity refers to the variety of geneswithin a species. Each species is made up of individuals that have their own particulargenetic composition