Cell Biology/histology

Front 1

phospholipids and sphingolipids are what type of molecules? what type of vesicles do they form?

Back 1

ampiphathic molecules - two hydrophobic tails; form bilayer vesicles

Front 2

where does beta-oxidation of very long chain fatty acids occur?

Back 2

peroxisomes

Front 3

where does degradation of DNA occur?

Back 3

lysosomes

Front 4

where does oxidative phosphorylation occur?

Back 4

mitochondria

Front 5

where does post-translational modification of proteins occur?

Back 5

golgi

Front 6

when NO is released and diffuses into a smooth muscle cell, what does it turn on?

Back 6

guanylate cyclase, which makes the second messenger cGMP, which triggers smooth muscle relaxation

Front 7

what synthesized nitric oxide from arginine?

Back 7

nitric oxide synthase - produces citrulline as a by-product

Front 8

this is used to form nucleotids by adding a phosphoribosyl group to a nitrogenous base

Back 8

phosphoribosyltransferase

Front 9

what covers most microvilli & apparently helps to prevent them from trauma?

Back 9

layer of glycocalyx

Front 10

what is glial fibrillary acidic protein?

Back 10

intermediate filament found in astrocytes

Front 11

how are chromatids pulled apart during anaphase?

Back 11

kinetochore microtuules from each of the two spindle poles attach to teh kinetochore plates of the centromere to pull the chromatids apart during anaphase

Front 12

gap junctions are made of a hexagonal lattice of tubular rotein subunits called what?

Back 12

connexons - form hydrophilic channels connecting the cytoplasm of adjacent cells

Front 13

what structure are sealing strands found in?

Back 13

tight junctions

Front 14

what are tonofilaments found in?

Back 14

desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

Front 15

what contains type IV collagen, glycoproteins including laminin, and proteoglycans, including heparan sulfate?

Back 15

basal lamina

Front 16

what involves unfolding a fully translated protein, transporting it into the mitochondria, and then refolding it using other HSP proteins?

Back 16

import of mitochondrial proteins from the cytosol into the mitochondria

Front 17

what type of gene is the Rb gene?

Back 17

tumor suppressor

Front 18

what is the role of calreticulin?

Back 18

binds to misfolded proteins and prevents them from being exported to the golgi

Front 19

where does synthesis of the LDL receptor begin?

Back 19

in cytosol on free ribosomes - completed on ribosomes bound to RER

Front 20

what happens if a protein cannot refold properly?

Back 20

it is targeted for degradation by proteases

Front 21

the formation of a junctional complex relies on what?

Back 21

homotypic interaction between E-cadherin proteins on adjacent cells - initiates the formation of zona adherens, including signaling pathways, which are then activated to initiate the formation of zona occludens and desmosomes

Front 22

what are microvilli made of?

Back 22

extensions of bundles of actin filaments, or microfilaments; myosin is associated

Front 23

during contraction of a skeletal muscle, what maintains its uncontracted length?

Back 23

A band

Front 24

what quality control chaperone in the RER binds to misfolded membrane proteins and prevents them form proceeding to the golgi?

Back 24

calreticulin

Front 25

what quality control chaperone binds to misfolded soluble proteins and prevents them from going to the golgi?

Back 25

calnexin

Front 26

what do antibodies attack in pemphigus vulgaris?

Back 26

desmoglein

Front 27

what is the transmembrane cadherin that forms intercellular linkages at desmosomes?

Back 27

desmoglein

Front 28

what organelle is responsible for sorting and packaging of proteins?

Back 28

RER

Front 29

what protein property is birefringence related to?

Back 29

beta-pleated sheet secondary structure

Front 30

the crystalline core of an eosinic granule contains what?

Back 30

major basic protein - appears to function in the destruction of parasites

Front 31

name 3 sites where elastic fibers are found

Back 31

large arteries (esp. aorta), vocal cords, and ligamenta flava (which connect the vertebrae); small amounts also found in skin

Front 32

acini in what salivary gland are almost pure mucous cells?
mixture of serous and mucuous cells?
mostly pure serous cells?

Back 32

sublingual
submandibular
parotid

Front 33

striated muscle under voluntary control is found in what part of the esophagus?

Back 33

upper third; middle third is roughly half striated and half smooth; lower third contains only smooth

Front 34

primordial eggs remain stopped in what stage from before birth until ovulation?

Back 34

diplotene stage of first meotic division

Front 35

what is the appropriate stain for pneumocystis?

Back 35

methenamine silver

Front 36

what cells of the anterior pituitary stain pink?

Back 36

somatotropes - GH, mammotropes - prolactin

Front 37

what cells of the anterior pituitary stain blue on H&E?

Back 37

corticotropes - ACTH, gonadotropes - FSH & LH, thyrotropes - TSH

Front 38

what is the only site of the kidney in which epithelial cells have a brush border made of microvilli?

Back 38

proximal convoluted tubule

Front 39

how do fascial straps (retinacula) and fascial coverings of muscles or muscle groups attach to nearby bones?

Back 39

blending with the covering periosteum; no deep attachments are made by fascia

Front 40

what are the three phases of spermatogenesis?

Back 40

spermatocytogenesis, meiosis, spermiogenesis

Front 41

what type of cell is the germ cell closest to the basal lamina in the seminiferous tubule?

Back 41

spermatogonia

Front 42

what ear structure contains hair cells?

Back 42

organ of corti (from the cochlear branch of CN VII)

Front 43

what is a good stain for fungi?

Back 43

methenamine silver

Front 44

why is cartilage particularly vulnerable to infection?

Back 44

because it is relatively avascular - immune system cannot access it effeciently

Front 45

calcification of what is notorious for producing 'phantom' lung lesions?

Back 45

hyaline cartilage of the costal cartilages

Front 46

what type of cell is spindle-shaped like a fibroblast but contains several bundlese of microfilaments in its cytoplasm?

Back 46

myofibroblast

Front 47

where is fenestrated epithelium seen?

Back 47

liver

Front 48

what is responsible for producing the majority of new bone after a fracture?

Back 48

periosteum