Cell Biology Lecture 2

Front 1

Characteristics of water that make it a good solvent

Back 1

1. Water is polar
2. Can form H bonds with itself and other molecules
3. High melting and boiling point
4. High surface tension

Front 2

Characteristic of water (1)

Back 2

104 degrees between hydrogens. Electro neg at O and pos at H. Interact well with many solutes. Cl- can absorb well in water, because they can easily attach, arrange well. H20 organize self very well around most solutes.
Hydrophilic; water loving. Na+/Cl-.
Some molecules dont have attraction towards H20 like CH3 (hydrophobic). Not good fit, H20 cant get close to C. Things happen due to hydrophobic/hydrophilic nature.

Front 3

Characteristic of water (2)

Back 3

Can form H bonds with self and others. H can have affinity for another H2Os oxygen and can form a weak bond

Front 4

Characteristic of water (3)

Back 4

Doesnt boil until 212. Acetone boils at 40 degrees C.

Front 5

Characteristic of water (4)

Back 5

Doesnt play much role in organisms, as it does in environment. But makes H2o effective solvent.

Front 6

Hydrogen bond

Back 6

When H atom is shared between two electro negative atoms. This can be with itself or other molecules.

Front 7

Carbon

Back 7

Small organic molecule.
4 outer shell electrons whihc allow it to form 4 covalent bonds with other atoms. Other elements cant do this.
Can form complex molecules with no upper limit in size.
Structure of all organisms is carbon based. Can store info in caron. Only prob is that organic material wil break down; stability is a problem.

Front 8

Groups repeated in org. molecules and commonly attach to carbon (4)

Back 8

1. Methyl group (-CH3)
2. Hydroxyl (-OH)
3. Carboxyl group (-COOH)
4. Amino group (-NH2)

Front 9

Over 1000 diff. types of small organic molecules. What are the 4 families they will fit into?

Back 9

1. Simple sugars
2. Fatty acids
3. Amino acids
4. Nucleotides (less than 1000 daltons)

Front 10

Simple Sugar
Structure

Back 10

-Monosaccharide
-Gen. formula; (CH20)3-8. Glucose; C6H12O6 is most common.
-30 diff. simple sugars that are important within the cell. Always 1-OH group. At least 1 aldehyde (C=O-H) or ketone (-C=O) group.

Front 11

Simple Sugar
Function

Back 11

-Phenomenal source of energy.
-Carbohydrates can attach to macrmol. like proteins/lipids
-Join forces with other C based cmpds to form higher order cmpds. Can get together and link to form larger order molecules that are nothing like pure carbo; starch (glucose linked to form higher order sugar called polysaccharide). Commonly found in plants, store glycogen in body (not starch); bunch glucose together. Store in muscles. Polysaccharide. Simple sugars have multiple functions especially when linked together.

Front 12

Simple sugar attached to a protein

Back 12

Glycoprotein

Front 13

Simple sugar attached to a lipid

Back 13

Glycolipid

Front 14

Oligosaccharide

Back 14

Small group of monosaccharides (3-20) linked together in linear/branched form. When it attaches to lipid/protein; changes it structurally to change function. Key in a car.

Front 15

Cellulose

Back 15

Tree u hit. Tree made of simple sugars linked together to form cellulose.

Front 16

Fatty Acid
Structure

Back 16

-Linear hydrocarbon chain. One hydrophilic and one hydrophobic region. -C=O-OH hydrophilic. -CH3 hydrophobic.
-Even # of C's between ends. Most of the time C's have H attached; saturated. If all saturated, have saturated fatty acid.
-On occassion, will have unsaturated fatty acid (could be mono unsaturated FA), where there is only 1 = bond. Those C's have 1 H and arn't saturated. Structure & name determined by length, ends & level of saturation.

Front 17

Fatty Acid
Function

Back 17

-Can derive energy. Can be placed in metabolic pathways and relase lots of heat energy. Cells can harvest and use energy.
-Can store fatty acids. Will store by linking 3 together and then linking glycerol (3 Carbon alcohol sugar). Can attach 3 ester linkages to glycerol to make triglyceride (fat). Many organisms store as source of energy.

Front 18

Amino Acid
Structure

Back 18

H2N-H-C-R-COOh
20 amino acids which make up proteins (diff R groups).
H as R group; glycen
CH3 as R group; aldamine

Front 19

Amino Acid
Function

Back 19

Can derive energy. Can be catabolized in metabolic pathways and heat released. Can burn up protein.
Contains N (1 of the most limiting compounds). Better to save than to use (when burn amino acid).
Primary function: link indiv. amino acids to form proteins/peptides.

Front 20

Pyrimidine

Back 20

1 Nitrogen containing ring

Cytosine, thymine, uracil

Front 21

Purine

Back 21

2 Nitrogen containing rings

Adenine, guanine

Front 22

Nucleotide
Structure

Back 22

Can make up nucleic acids (but thats diff). Compounds that contain N ring, sugar and a phosphate (most complex of simple mol.).

Front 23

Nucleotide
Function

Back 23

Derive energy. Use nucleotides to make nucleic acids (when you start linking). If sugar is ribose; put 2 to make RNA. If sugar is deoxy; put 2 to make DNA. Can modify purine to make AMP. Add to phos. to reg. structure: ADP/ Add 3 phos: ATP Store energy.