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56 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
nucleus
control center of the cell which contains DNA (chromosomes), the genetic info. for a cell's structure and function
nucleolus
a darker region within nucleus-makes ribosomes
cell membrane
holds cell together, controls what goes in and out of cell
cytoplasm
suspend cell structures
cytoskeleton
proteins that maintain the 3D structure of the cell and helps it move. 2 types: microtubules & microfilaments
golgi
finishes and packages the lipids and proteins produced in the ER
rough ER
studded w/ ribsosomes and processes proteins
smooth ER
lacks ribosomes and processes lipids and carbohydrates
ribosome
produce proteins that are part of the cytoplasm
nuclear pore
large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope: allow the transport of water-soluble molecules across the nuclear envelope
vacuole
stores salts, water, minerals, etc.& maintain homeostasis: present in all plant cells and some animal eukaryotic cells
vesicle
small bubble of liquid within a cell: store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste
lysosome
contain digestive enzymes (recycle & break down materials that enter cell) only in animal cells
mitochondria
produce chemical energy for cell's use
microtubule
hollow cylinders found throughout cell: help provide cell framework & cell mvnt.
microfilament
solid tubes: provide framework for cell
centrioles
help in organizing cell division (only in animal cells)
chloroplasts
helps perform photosynthesis (only plant)
chlorophyll
pigment which absorbs the energy in light
capsid
protein coat of virus that encloses the genetic material
reverse transcriptase
transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA
integrase
enzyme produced by a retrovirus (including HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell
antigen
a protein or poly-saccharide (many sugars bonded together) on the surface of any cell or virsu that identifies it.
immune response
activated when the body's inflamatroy response is not enought to cobat a pathogen. Specialized cells of the I.S. coordinate & communicate in order to inactivate foreign material
inflammatroy response
activated when a pathogen enters the body. Chemicals are released to increase blood flow, which allows cell of the I.S. to reach the damaged area faster. This cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth
macrophage
attack any pathogen that they encounter in the bloodstream: respond only to foreign material outside of the body's own cells, such as bacteria, viruses or protists.
B cell
make antibodies against antigens: respond only to foreign material ouside body's own cells, such as bacteria, viruses or protists.
helper T cell
recognizes specific antigens that are displayed by macrophages.
kiler T cell
finds & kills pathogens, infected body cells, or transplanted tissues. It is the first cell in the I.S. to recognize an infected cell cencer cell or transplanted tissue cell.
plasma cell
produces antibodies that interact w/ a specific antigen from a pathogen or toxin outside of the body cells or damaged cell in order to destroy it.
antibody
protein produced by plasma in cell in response to a particular antigen
cell cycle
events in the life of a cell
interphase
cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division
cell division
process of nucleus & cytoplasm dividing to form 2 new identical cells
mitosis
process of nucleus & cytoplasm dividing to form 2 identical cells
cytokinesis
division of cytoplasm (seperating organells, nutrients, etc.)
cell plate
structure found inside the dividing cells of terrestrial plants and some algae. It develops in the middle plane of the cell separating two daughter cells during cell division
cleavage furrow
deep groove formed when the cell membrane pinches inward during cytokinesis in cells without a cell wall (animal)
centromere
region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two sister chromatids come in contact. It is involved in cell division as the point of mitotic spindle
daughter cell
cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell
spindle fibers
network of achromatic filaments that extend inward from the poles of a dividing cell, forming a spindle-shaped figure.
cancer
any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body
G1
cell grows, makes organelles & proetins, normal functioning
S
DNA replication (copy DNA)
G2
last minute preperation before cell division (gather resources, make additional organelles)
prophase
stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome
metaphase
stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells
anaphase
stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell
telophase
the final stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei
nuclear membrane
double-layered membrane w/ pores that surround the nucleus and controls what goes in an out of the nucleus such as RNA.
virus
A submicroscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. It is non-cellular but consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
provirus
latent form of a virus that is capable of being integrated into the genetic material of a host cell and being replicated with it
CD4
A glycoprotein predominantly found on the surface of helper T cells. In humans, it is a receptor for HIV, enabling the virus to gain entry into its host
chromatin
Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes in eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the cell's nucleus
chromosome
A structure in all living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity
memory B cell
"remembers" the antigen so an immune response is quicker & stronger if the same pathogen is encountered in the future.