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56 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nucleus
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control center of the cell which contains DNA (chromosomes), the genetic info. for a cell's structure and function
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nucleolus
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a darker region within nucleus-makes ribosomes
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cell membrane
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holds cell together, controls what goes in and out of cell
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cytoplasm
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suspend cell structures
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cytoskeleton
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proteins that maintain the 3D structure of the cell and helps it move. 2 types: microtubules & microfilaments
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golgi
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finishes and packages the lipids and proteins produced in the ER
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rough ER
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studded w/ ribsosomes and processes proteins
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smooth ER
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lacks ribosomes and processes lipids and carbohydrates
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ribosome
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produce proteins that are part of the cytoplasm
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nuclear pore
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large protein complexes that cross the nuclear envelope: allow the transport of water-soluble molecules across the nuclear envelope
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vacuole
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stores salts, water, minerals, etc.& maintain homeostasis: present in all plant cells and some animal eukaryotic cells
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vesicle
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small bubble of liquid within a cell: store, transport, or digest cellular products and waste
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lysosome
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contain digestive enzymes (recycle & break down materials that enter cell) only in animal cells
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mitochondria
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produce chemical energy for cell's use
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microtubule
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hollow cylinders found throughout cell: help provide cell framework & cell mvnt.
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microfilament
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solid tubes: provide framework for cell
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centrioles
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help in organizing cell division (only in animal cells)
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chloroplasts
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helps perform photosynthesis (only plant)
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chlorophyll
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pigment which absorbs the energy in light
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capsid
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protein coat of virus that encloses the genetic material
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reverse transcriptase
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transcribes single-stranded RNA into double-stranded DNA
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integrase
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enzyme produced by a retrovirus (including HIV) that enables its genetic material to be integrated into the DNA of the infected cell
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antigen
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a protein or poly-saccharide (many sugars bonded together) on the surface of any cell or virsu that identifies it.
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immune response
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activated when the body's inflamatroy response is not enought to cobat a pathogen. Specialized cells of the I.S. coordinate & communicate in order to inactivate foreign material
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inflammatroy response
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activated when a pathogen enters the body. Chemicals are released to increase blood flow, which allows cell of the I.S. to reach the damaged area faster. This cause redness, swelling, pain, and warmth
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macrophage
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attack any pathogen that they encounter in the bloodstream: respond only to foreign material outside of the body's own cells, such as bacteria, viruses or protists.
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B cell
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make antibodies against antigens: respond only to foreign material ouside body's own cells, such as bacteria, viruses or protists.
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helper T cell
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recognizes specific antigens that are displayed by macrophages.
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kiler T cell
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finds & kills pathogens, infected body cells, or transplanted tissues. It is the first cell in the I.S. to recognize an infected cell cencer cell or transplanted tissue cell.
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plasma cell
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produces antibodies that interact w/ a specific antigen from a pathogen or toxin outside of the body cells or damaged cell in order to destroy it.
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antibody
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protein produced by plasma in cell in response to a particular antigen
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cell cycle
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events in the life of a cell
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interphase
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cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its purposes including preparation for cell division
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cell division
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process of nucleus & cytoplasm dividing to form 2 new identical cells
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mitosis
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process of nucleus & cytoplasm dividing to form 2 identical cells
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cytokinesis
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division of cytoplasm (seperating organells, nutrients, etc.)
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cell plate
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structure found inside the dividing cells of terrestrial plants and some algae. It develops in the middle plane of the cell separating two daughter cells during cell division
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cleavage furrow
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deep groove formed when the cell membrane pinches inward during cytokinesis in cells without a cell wall (animal)
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centromere
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region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two sister chromatids come in contact. It is involved in cell division as the point of mitotic spindle
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daughter cell
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cell resulting from the replication and division of a single parent cell
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spindle fibers
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network of achromatic filaments that extend inward from the poles of a dividing cell, forming a spindle-shaped figure.
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cancer
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any malignant growth or tumor caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body
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G1
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cell grows, makes organelles & proetins, normal functioning
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S
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DNA replication (copy DNA)
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G2
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last minute preperation before cell division (gather resources, make additional organelles)
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prophase
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stage of mitosis in which the chromatin condenses into a highly ordered structure called a chromosome
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metaphase
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stage of mitosis in the eukaryotic cell cycle in which condensed chromosomes, carrying genetic information, align in the middle of the cell before being separated into each of the two daughter cells
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anaphase
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stage in mitosis where chromosomes begin moving to opposite ends (poles) of the cell
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telophase
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the final stage of mitosis during which the chromosomes of daughter cells are grouped in new nuclei
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nuclear membrane
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double-layered membrane w/ pores that surround the nucleus and controls what goes in an out of the nucleus such as RNA.
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virus
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A submicroscopic infectious agent that is unable to grow or reproduce outside a host cell. It is non-cellular but consisting of a core of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat
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provirus
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latent form of a virus that is capable of being integrated into the genetic material of a host cell and being replicated with it
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CD4
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A glycoprotein predominantly found on the surface of helper T cells. In humans, it is a receptor for HIV, enabling the virus to gain entry into its host
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chromatin
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Mass of genetic material composed of DNA and proteins that condense to form chromosomes in eukaryotic cell division. Chromatin is located in the cell's nucleus
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chromosome
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A structure in all living cells that consists of a single molecule of DNA bonded to various proteins and that carries the genes determining heredity
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memory B cell
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"remembers" the antigen so an immune response is quicker & stronger if the same pathogen is encountered in the future.
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