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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Mitochondria Structure |
variable appearance (bean shaped or can be round/ threadlike) Size reflects energy requirements Fusion and Fission |
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Structures of Mitochondria |
Inner and Outer Membrane Cristae -- increase surface area for ATP prod. Mitochondrial Matrix |
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Mitochondrial Matrix |
Contains many enzymes, ribosomes, and severally circular double-stranded DNA that encode inner membrane proteins |
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Mitochondria Informaion |
Contain their own genetic material and machinery to make own RNA's and proteins 13 mitochondrial polypeptides 2 rRNAs and 22 tRNAs used in protein synthesis |
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Catabolic pathway (oxygen present) |
Glycolysis --> 2 Pyruvate --> The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) Pyruvate moves into Mit. via active transport |
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Catabolic pathway (oxygen absent) |
Glycolysis --> 2 Pyruvate --> Fermentation
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Products of Glycolysis (6 carbon) |
2 Pyruvate (3 carbon) 2 ATP (-) 2 (GAL3P) 2 (ATP's)/ 3 carbon compound 1 (NADH)/ 3 carbon compound |
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Balance of Glycolysis |
- 2 ATP + 4 ATP + 2 NADH Net Energy: 2 ATP and 2 NADH |
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How many ATP can one NADH produce? |
1 NADH = 3 ATP |
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The Citric Acid Cycle (Krebs Cycle) |
1 Pyruvate -[NAD+-->NADH]-> AcCoA (2 carbon) --> Oxaloacetate (4C) --> Citrate --> Isocitrate -[NADH & CO2] --> Alpha-Ketoglutartate -[NADH & CO2]-> SuccCoA -[GTP]-> Succinate -[FADH2]-> Fumarate --> Malate -[NADH]-> Oxaloacetate(4C) |
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Balance of the Krebs Cycle (TCA Cycle) |
1 NADH (from the initial AcCoA) 3 NADH 1 GTP 1 FADH2 |
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How many ATP can one FADH2 produce? |
1 FADH2 = 2 ATP |
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Total ATP produced in Glycolysis and Krebs Cycle |
Glycolysis: 2 ATP + 6 ATP (2 NADH) Krebs Cycle (per pyruvate): 12 ATP (4 NADH) + 2 ATP (1 FADH2) + 1 ATP (1 GTP) = 15 ATP/ 1 Pyr. TOTAL ATP: 8 ATP + 30 ATP = 38 ATP per Glucose molecule Net ATP: 36 ATP |
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Bi-products of Respiration (other than NADH and FADH2) |
CO2 and H2O |
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What 2 ways can NADH get through the outer mitochondrial membrane? |
Malate and Aspartate pathways |
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Chemiosmosis |
turning NADH and FADH2 into ATP |
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Electrochemical gradient |
Electrons pass from molecules binding them more loosely too those that bind them more tightly; this chain of reactions releases energy continues "downhill" till the O2 is reached |
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Electron Carriers of Oxidative Metabolism in the Mitochondria |
Flavoproteins Cytochromes Copper Atoms (3 of them) Ubinqinone (Coenzyme Q; UQ) Iron-Sulfur Proteins |
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Flavoproteins |
their prosthetic groups are derived from riboflavin (vitamin B2); polypeptide tightly bound to one of two related prosthetic groups, either FAD or FMN |
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Cytochromes |
proteins containing heme prosthetic groups; heme iron atom undergoes a reversible transition b/t Fe3+ and Fe2+ |
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3 Copper Atoms |
all located within a single protein of inner mitochondrial membrane; they alternate b/t Cu2+ and Cu1+ oxidation states |
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Ubinquinone (Coenzyme Q; UQ) |
lipid soluble with long hydrophobic chain |
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Iron-Sulfur Proteins |
iron-containing proteins; accept and donate a single electron; iron atoms are not found in heme group but are linked to inorganic sulfide ions as part of an iron-sulfur center |
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Electron Transport Chain (ETC) |
Complex 1, 2, 3, 4, & 5 |
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Complex 1 |
NADH oxidized to NAD+ in matrix (NADH Dehydrogenase)
Transfer 4 H+ to intermembrane space |
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Complex 2 |
FADH2 oxidized to FAD+ (Succinate Dehydrogenase) Succinate oxidized to Fumarate No proton pump from Complex 2 --> Complex 3 |
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Complex 3 |
Cytochrome bc1 Transfer 4 H+ to intermembrane space |
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Complex 4 |
Cytochrome c Oxidase Transfer 2 H+ to intermembrane space **Cytochrome c is a peripheral protein (side)** |
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Complex 5 |
ATP-Synthase |
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Peroxisomes |
formed by splitting from preexisting organelle (mitochondria) site of synthesis and degradation of H2O2 import preformed proteins from cytosol found in mammalian cells |
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Glyoxysomes |
specialized type of peroxisome plant seedlings rely on stored fatty acids to provide energy Beta-oxidation occurs found in plant cells |
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Oxidative Phosphorylation |
Mitochondria use enzymes and energy released by oxidation of nutrients to form ATP |
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Affinity |
Greater electron affinity = stronger oxidizing agent Lower electron affinity = stronger reducing agent |
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Role of Mitochondria in ATP Formation |
extract energy from org. mat. and store it temporarily in the form of electrical energy |
