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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
hydrocarbons are
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nonpolar, do not form hydrogen bonds, and are generally insoluable in water
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esters are formed by
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combining an acid and an alcohol
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amines and amides contain
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a carbon linked to a nitrogen
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amines in water combine with
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an H+ ion to become positively charged
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amides are formed by combining
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an acid and an amine
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amides are uncharged in
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water
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The combination of a phosphate and a carboxyl group, or two or more phosphate groups gives
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an anhydride
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because water is _____ two adjacent H2O molecules can for a _____
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polar, hydrogen bond
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hydrogen bonds have 1/? the strength of a covalent bond
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1/20
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hydrogen bonds are the strongest when
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three atoms lie in a straight line
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When a substance dissolves in a liquid, the mixture is termed a _____. The dissolved substance is the _____, and the liquid that does the dissolving is the ______
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Solution, solute, solvent
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pure water contains a steady-state concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions which is
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10^-7 M
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general form for a monosaccharides
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(CH2O)n where n can be 3,4,5,or 6 and have two or more hydroxyl groups.
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monosaccharides contain either
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aldehyde group and are called aldoses, or ketone group and are called ketoses
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in aqueous solution, the _____ or ____ group of a sugar molecule tends to react with a _____ group of the same molecule, thereby closing the molecule into a ring
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aldehyde,,ketone,hydroxyl
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isomers differ only in
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spatial arrangement of atoms
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the carbon that carries the aldehyde or the ketone can react with any hydroxyl group on a second sugar molecule to form a
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disaccharide
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maltose is
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glucose + glucose
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lactose is
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galactose + glucose
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sucrose is
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glucose + fructose
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All fatty acids have
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carboxyl groups with long hydrocarbon tails
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fatty acids with one or more double bonds are called
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unsaturated
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fatty acids with no double bonds are called
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saturated
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fatty acids are stored as an energy reserve (fats and oils) though
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an ester linkage to glycerol to form triacylglycerols
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If free, the carboxyl group of a fatty acid will be
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ionized
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Phospholipids are the major constituents of
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cell membranes
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Fatty acids have a
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hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
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fatty acids in water can form
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a surface film or form small micelles
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triacylglycerols form ____________ in the cell cytoplasm
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large spherical fat droplets
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___and___ for self-sealing lipid bilayers that are the basis for all cellular membranes
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phospholipids and glycolipids
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lipids are defined as
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the water-insoluble molecules in cells that are soluble in organic solvents
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two common types of lipids are
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steroids and polyisoprenoids
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steroids have a
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common multiple-ring structure
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glycolipids
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composed of a hydrophobic region, containing two long hydrocarbon tails, and a polar region, which, however, contains one or more sugars and no phosphate.
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The common amino acids are grouped according to whether their side chains are
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acidic, basic, uncharged polar, nonpolar
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optical isomers
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the a-carbon atom is asymmetric, allowing for two mirror-image (or stereo) isomers, L and D.
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proteins consist exclusively of ____ amino acids
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L
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Amino acids are commonly joined together by a _______ called a _________
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amide linkage, peptide bond
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Proteins are long ____ of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, and they are always written with the ___ terminus twoard the ____
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polymers, N, left
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The bases are ____ containing ____ compounds, either _______ or ____
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nitrogen, ring, pyrimidines, purines
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the phyrimidines are
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uracil, cytosine, thymine
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the purines are
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adenine, guanine
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