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42 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
hydrocarbons are
nonpolar, do not form hydrogen bonds, and are generally insoluable in water
esters are formed by
combining an acid and an alcohol
amines and amides contain
a carbon linked to a nitrogen
amines in water combine with
an H+ ion to become positively charged
amides are formed by combining
an acid and an amine
amides are uncharged in
water
The combination of a phosphate and a carboxyl group, or two or more phosphate groups gives
an anhydride
because water is _____ two adjacent H2O molecules can for a _____
polar, hydrogen bond
hydrogen bonds have 1/? the strength of a covalent bond
1/20
hydrogen bonds are the strongest when
three atoms lie in a straight line
When a substance dissolves in a liquid, the mixture is termed a _____. The dissolved substance is the _____, and the liquid that does the dissolving is the ______
Solution, solute, solvent
pure water contains a steady-state concentration of hydronium ions and hydroxyl ions which is
10^-7 M
general form for a monosaccharides
(CH2O)n where n can be 3,4,5,or 6 and have two or more hydroxyl groups.
monosaccharides contain either
aldehyde group and are called aldoses, or ketone group and are called ketoses
in aqueous solution, the _____ or ____ group of a sugar molecule tends to react with a _____ group of the same molecule, thereby closing the molecule into a ring
aldehyde,,ketone,hydroxyl
isomers differ only in
spatial arrangement of atoms
the carbon that carries the aldehyde or the ketone can react with any hydroxyl group on a second sugar molecule to form a
disaccharide
maltose is
glucose + glucose
lactose is
galactose + glucose
sucrose is
glucose + fructose
All fatty acids have
carboxyl groups with long hydrocarbon tails
fatty acids with one or more double bonds are called
unsaturated
fatty acids with no double bonds are called
saturated
fatty acids are stored as an energy reserve (fats and oils) though
an ester linkage to glycerol to form triacylglycerols
If free, the carboxyl group of a fatty acid will be
ionized
Phospholipids are the major constituents of
cell membranes
Fatty acids have a
hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail
fatty acids in water can form
a surface film or form small micelles
triacylglycerols form ____________ in the cell cytoplasm
large spherical fat droplets
___and___ for self-sealing lipid bilayers that are the basis for all cellular membranes
phospholipids and glycolipids
lipids are defined as
the water-insoluble molecules in cells that are soluble in organic solvents
two common types of lipids are
steroids and polyisoprenoids
steroids have a
common multiple-ring structure
glycolipids
composed of a hydrophobic region, containing two long hydrocarbon tails, and a polar region, which, however, contains one or more sugars and no phosphate.
The common amino acids are grouped according to whether their side chains are
acidic, basic, uncharged polar, nonpolar
optical isomers
the a-carbon atom is asymmetric, allowing for two mirror-image (or stereo) isomers, L and D.
proteins consist exclusively of ____ amino acids
L
Amino acids are commonly joined together by a _______ called a _________
amide linkage, peptide bond
Proteins are long ____ of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, and they are always written with the ___ terminus twoard the ____
polymers, N, left
The bases are ____ containing ____ compounds, either _______ or ____
nitrogen, ring, pyrimidines, purines
the phyrimidines are
uracil, cytosine, thymine
the purines are
adenine, guanine