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84 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Which stem cells are pluripotent?
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Embryonic
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What does pluripotent mean?
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Can still differentiate into endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm.
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What are adult stem cells?
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Multipotent
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What do cancer therapies fail to kill?
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Cancer Stem Cells
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Where are embryonic stem cells derived from?
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Inner cell mass of the blastocyst pre-implantation
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What are the two types of cell division?
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Symmetric and Asymmetric
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What is produced from asymmetric division?
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An identical daughter cell and A progenitor cell.
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Where does translation take place in eukaryotes?
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Cytoplasm
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Where does transcription take place in eukaryotes?
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Nucleus
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What reverse transcribes RNA to DNA?
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Retroviruses
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What transmits a misfolded protein state?
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Prion
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What is a Northern Blot Analysis used for?
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Identify differences in gene expression patterns
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How many cells does the blastula have?
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64
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Which cells in the blastula are totipotent?
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The inner cell mass
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Cells migrate from the primitive streak in which directions?
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Axially and Laterally
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Cells from the primitive streak invade the hypoblast to form which layer of cells?
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Endoderm and beginnings of primitive gut.
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Cells remaining in the primitive streak form which layer?
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Ectoderm
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What is the name for the close association of ectoderm and mesoderm?
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Somatopleure
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What is the name for the close association of mesoderm and endoderm?
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Splanchnopleure
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When primitive streak cells migrate out then undergo a transition of cells from what to what?
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Epithelial to Mesenchyme
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Segmentation occurs in which direction?
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Rostral to Caudal
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Segmentation occurs in which type of Mesoderm?
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Paraxial
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Kidney and Reproductive tracts are formed from which mesoderm?
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Intermediate
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The skull is formed from which mesoderm?
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Head
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Somatopleure and Splanchnopleure are part of which mesoderm?
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Embryonic Lateral
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What is a Somitomere?
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Somite that does not fully segment.
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How many Somitomeres are there?
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7 in the brain
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Cell pruning occurs in embryonic development by which cellular process?
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Apoptosis
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What are bones of the limb formed from?
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Lateral Mesoderm
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What is the dermis formed from?
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Dermatome (of Somite)
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What is the back and body wall muscles formed from?
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Myotome (of somite)
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What is the name for the area of close association with ectoderm and mesoderm in the head region?
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Oral Plate
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What is the name for close association of ectoderm and mesoderm in the Caudal Area?
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Cloacal Plate
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How is the amnion sheath produced?
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Back folding of body folds
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What is transient placenta?
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Formed by yolk sac + trophectoderm + maternal uterine wall. Bide the time till true placenta is formed
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What is the name for true placenta?
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Chorio-allantoic Placenta
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How is true placenta formed?
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Allantois + Trophectoderm + Maternal uterine wall
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What is the allantois?
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Outbudding of the gut tube
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What divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
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Septum transversum
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Visceral Mesoderm is formed from which cells?
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Splanchnopleure
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Parietal Mesoderm is formed from which cells?
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Somatopleure
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Which body cavity is bilobed rostrally but a single cavity at the caudal end?
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Peritoneal
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What develops first in a chick - head or Tail?
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Head
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How many days does it take for the basic organ/body set up to be sorted.
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40 days
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How many motor cranial nerves are in the brain?
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12
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Which motor nerve innervates the pharynx?
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IX (9)
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Which motor cranial nerve innervates the neck?
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XI (11)
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What is special about cranial nerves 1,2 and 8?
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They are pure sensory.
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Name the 3 areas of the brain in the 3 vesicle embryo?
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Forebrain, Mid Brain and HIndbrain
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What sections does the forebrain become in the 5 vesicle embryo?
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Telencephalon and Diencephalon
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What does the Mid brain become in the 5 vesicle embryo?
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Mesencephalon
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What does the Hindbrain become in the 5 vesicle embryo?
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Metencephalon and Myelencephalon
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Which two growth factors determine the dorsal-ventral axis in the neural tube?
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Sonic hedehog Shh and TGF beta
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The dorsal neural tube is induced by what to become what?
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TGF beta to become roof plate
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The ventral neural tube is induced by what to become what
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Shh to become floor plate.
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Gradients of Shh and TGFbeta contol what?
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Differentiation into inter-neurons and motorneurons
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What lies internally to the branchial arches?
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Pharyngeal pouches
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How many branchial arches are there?
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4
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The posterior pituitary is formed from which area of the brain?
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Diencephalon
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The Anterior pituitary is formed from what?
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Rathke's Pouch - Outbudding of oral ectoderm
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What signals the neural plate to invaginate and become neural tube?
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Shh
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What congenital abnormality may arise if the neural tube fails to form/close?
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Spina bifida
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What is Exencephaly?
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Rostral neuropore fails to close leads to abnormal forebrain development
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In which condition would you get a build up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain?
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Hydrocephaly
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Name the five destinations of neural crest cells.
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1.Melanocytes
2.Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurones 3.Autonomic Ganglia Neurones 4.Adrenal Medulla 5.Submucosal nerve plexus of gut |
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Name the three embyonic circulatory arcs.
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1. Vitelline
2. Body Circulation 3. Allantoic Circulation |
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Which cells are involved in early haematopoeisis?
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yolk sac splanchnopleure
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How many aortic arches are there in a fish?
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6 Right and Left
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Which aortic arch persists into the mammalian aorta?
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Left 4
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Which aortic arches regress in the mammal>?
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1 and 2
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Which aortic arch never forms in the mammal?
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5
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Which aortic arch forms the left and right common carotids?
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Left 3 and Right 3
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Which aortic arch forms the pulmonary trunk including the ductus arteriosus
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left 6
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Which forms the right subclavian?
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Right 4
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What is the hole in between the atria that allows oxyenated blood to bypass the mixed blood?
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Foramen ovale
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Name the diverticula associated with the gut?
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Pharyngeal pouches, Lung bud, stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, caecum, mesonephric duct, bladder
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What are the derivatives of the pharyngeal pouches?
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1. tympanic membrane of the ear and bones of the middle ear
2.tonsils 3 + 4 Parathyroid |
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What controls the gut tube differentiation of epithelia?
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Homeobox genes
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What is gut connective tissue formed from ?
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Splanchnic Mesoderm
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What are the 3 nephric systems?
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Pronephros
Mesonephros Metanephros |
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Remaining mesonephros forms what in the male?
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Seminiferous tubules
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Remaining paramesonephrc duct in the female forms what?
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Fallopian tubes
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What induces the metanephros to form?
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Uteric bud
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Where does the glomerulus in the mesonephros come from?
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Outbudding from the dorsal aorta
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