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60 Cards in this Set

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What are the 3 Basic Principles of Cell Theory?

1. The cell is the smallest living organisational unit


2. All living things are composed of cells or a product of cells


3. Cells come from pre-existing cells

What are membranes?

They are an enclosing case of phospholipids, which regulates traffic in and out of the cell.

What are cell walls?

They are found strictly in plants. It is a structure which supports the cell.

What are centrioles?

Each cell has two pairs of centrioles. They are involved in genetic material separation during cell division.

What are chloroplasts?

Chloroplast turns the sunlight, carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen that are used in plants.

What is smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the production of fats and lipids in a cell.

What is rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum is involved in the production of proteins. It is studded with ribosomes.

What is cytoplasm?

The cytoplasm is defined as everything within the cell except for the cell nucleus and it's contents.

What is cytosol?

The cytosol is the fluid part of the cell which the organelles are suspended in.

What is the Golgi body?

The gold body is attached to the ER. It is the final packaging and finishing point before proteins is secreted from the cell.

What are lysosomes?

Small membrane vesicles that break down food and waste. They are found everywhere in the cell.

What is the mitochondria?

It is involved in cellular respiration. It takes basic chemicals and turns them into ATP.

What is the nucleus?

Contains DNA needed to create cells, and instructions to make copies of itself.

What are ribosomes?

They are used to assemble proteins from DNA instructions. It is either attached to the RER or scattered throughout the cell.

What are vacuoles?

Vacuoles store food and water that the cell needs to survive.

What are vesicles?

Vesicles transport wastes and proteins in or out of the cell.

What does DNA stand for?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

What does mRNA stand for?

Messenger Ribonucleic Acid

What is a monomer?

A basic unit.

What is a polymer?

A string of basic units.

What is a passive process?

A process which doesn't require any energy.

What is an active process?

Any process that requires energy.

What is an impermeable membrane?

A membrane in which no ions or molecules can diffuse across.

What is a permeable membrane?

A membrane in which any ions or molecules can diffuse across.

What is a semi-permeable membrane?

A membrane in which some ions or molecules can pass through.

What are sugars?

A sugar is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in the ratio of 1:2:1.




Glucose - 6 carbons


Ribose - 5 carbons

What is deoxyribose?

A ribose without one oxygen.

What is a monosaccharide?

One sugar.

What is a disaccharide?

Two sugars joined together.

What are polysaccharides?

Multiple monomers joined together.

What is photosynthesis?

The production of sugar and oxygen, by chloroplasts in plants.

What is respiration?

To convert energy from sugars into ATP.

What is a phosphate?

A phosphorus surrounded by 4 oxygen atoms

What are some examples of nitrogenous bases?

Adenine


Thiamine


Guanine


Cytosine

What is an isomer?

Two or more compounds with the same formula but different arrangement of atoms.

What are the 2 different cell types?

Eukaryotic - Membrane bound nucleus


Prokaryotic - Doesn't have a membrane bound nucleus

What are unicellular organisms?

A singular cell that carries out all necessary tasks needed to keep the cell alive.

What are multicellular organisms?

These organisms are made of lots of different specialised cells that differ in structure, and function.

What is phagocytosis?

This is the process in which the cell eats, by taking in a large object that it will eventually digest.

What is apoptosis?

This is programmed cell death. The cell senses that it is about to die due to stress, or is signalled by other cells. The cell then starts to kill itself.

What is the surface are to volume ratio?

It is where a cell changes its shape to allow for maximum surface area, whilst keeping the same volume.

What is diffusion?

Diffusion is where it works with the concentration gradient, diffuses the concentration from high to low.

What is osmosis?

Involves the movement of WATER ONLY to balance the concentration gradient.

What is active transport?

Active transport uses energy to build up or work against the concentration gradient.

What does ATP stand for?

Adenosine Triphosphate

How is ATP created?

Adenine is added to a ribose, which makes adenosine. This is then added to a triphosphate.

What are the three stages of cellular respiration?

1. Glycolysis


2. The Krebs Cycle


3. Electron Transort Chain

Where does glycolysis take place?

In the cytoplasm.

What does the Krebs Cycle take place?

In the mitochondria

Where does Electron Transport Chain take place?

In the mitochondria.

What are enzymes?

Enzymes are proteins which speed up reaction, they are a catalyst

What are proteins?

An organic molecules that is necessary in the diet of all animal cells.

How do enzymes work?

Enzymes bring substrates in close proximity to each other.

How does the Lock and Key model work?

The lock and key model is when a substrate perfectly fits to the active site on an enzyme.

How does the Induced Fit model work?

This is when the substrate and active site have slightly different arrangements, but are flexible and each slightly change to make the change happen.




Sometimes during an induced fit, enzymes become too distorted to use as they have change too much.

What are the two types of inhibition?

Competitive Inhibition - A molecule with the aim shop binds to the active site.



Non-competitive inhibition - When a molecule binds to different part of an enzyme, changing the active site.



What affects the rate of enzyme reaction?

The rate of enzyme reaction can be affected by the pH level in the cell, or by the temperature.

What is the optimum, when referring to rate of enzyme reaction?

This is the cells optimum functioning environment. Different enzymes function better at different temperatures or pH levels.

List the organelles found in an animal cell.

Cell membrane Vacuole


Centrioles Nucleolus


Lysosome Nucleus


Cytoplasm


Rough and Smooth ER


Ribosomes


Golgi body


Mitochondria

List the organelles found in a plant cell.

Cell membrane Vacuole


Cytoplasm Nucleolus


Rough and Smooth ER Nucleus


Ribosomes


Golgi body


Mitochondria


Cell wall


Chloroplast