Cell Biology

Front 1

glycolysis

Back 1

first step in aerobic respiration, 10 steps, happens in the cytoplasm

Front 2

aerobic respiration general formula

Back 2

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 ------> 6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP

Front 3

4 steps of aerobic respiration

Back 3

1) glycolysis
2) transitional phase
3) Krebs cycle
4) electron transport chain

Front 4

10 steps of glycolysis

Back 4

1) glucose is phosphorylated (uses ATP)
2) chemical rearrangement
3) phosphorylated again (uses ATP)
4/5) chemical rearrangement and 6carbon molecule split in two 2 PGALs
6) phosphorylation of PGAL from inorganic phosphate. e- transfered to NAD+
7) removal of phosphate group (substrate level phosphorylation) creates ATP
8) chemical rearrangement
9) H2O loss
10) substrate level phosphorylation, creates ATP

Front 5

Transitional phase steps

Back 5

decarboxylation (loss of carboxyl group)
NAD+ ---> NADH
CO2 comes off
turns into actyl-CoA

Front 6

9 steps of Krebs cycle

Back 6

1) loss of CoA, 2carbon acetyl joins with 4carbon oxaloacetate to make 6carbon citrate
2/3) chemical rearrangement
4) loss of CO2 and e- transfer with NAD
5) loss of CO2 and e- transfer with NAD
6) ATP synthesis
7) e- transfer FAD
8) H2O is gained
9) e- transfer NAD

Front 7

Electron transport chain

Back 7

1) NADH gives e- to 1st protein FmN and FADH2 to CoQ
2) e- move down the chain to final acceptor oxygen
3) as e- are moving, H+ are pumped from mitochondria matrix to inter membrane space creating a gradient
4) H+ moves down the gradient through ATP synthase powering it to phosphorylate ADP

Front 8

FADH2 creates how many ATP?

Back 8

2 ATP

Front 9

NADH makes how many ATP?

Back 9

3 ATP

Front 10

oxidation

Back 10

removal of e-

Front 11

reduction

Back 11

gain of e-

Front 12

substrate level phosphorylation

Back 12

direct transfer of a phosphate group to an ADP

Front 13

oxidative phosphorylation

Back 13

removal of e- causes ATP production

Front 14

metabolism

Back 14

sum of all reactions in the body

Front 15

anabolism

Back 15

builds large molecules, ATP used

Front 16

catabolism

Back 16

breaks down molecules, release energy

Front 17

andenosine triphosohate ATP

Back 17

3 phosphate groups

Front 18

potential energy

Back 18

stored energy

Front 19

kinetic energy

Back 19

energy associated with motion

Front 20

1st law of thermodynamics

Back 20

energy can never be created nor destroyed

Front 21

2nd law of thermodynamics

Back 21

energy dispersed spontaneously

Front 22

entropy

Back 22

measures how far concentrated energy dispersed after an energy change

Front 23

activation energy

Back 23

amount of energy needed to proceed with reaction

Front 24

catalysts

Back 24

lowers the activation energy

Front 25

substrate

Back 25

binds to enzyme

Front 26

active site

Back 26

where substrate binds to

Front 27

coenzymes

Back 27

helps an enzyme bind to substrate

Front 28

inhibitor

Back 28

binds to enzyme, interferes with substrate binding

Front 29

RNA splicing

Back 29

2 mRNA can be created from one RNA transcript

Front 30

RNA interference

Back 30

Made from introns
act as enzymes to break apart mRNA
physically blocks transcription by stopping ribosomes movement

Front 31

How much of your DNA actually codes for protein

Back 31

1.5%

Front 32

Operator

Back 32

Regulatory region where the repressor binds

Front 33

Repressor

Back 33

Blocks transcription blocks RNA polymerase

Front 34

Inducer

Back 34

Inactivates the repressor

Front 35

Acetyl

Back 35

Acetylation
enhances transcription
CH3CO-

Front 36

Methyl

Back 36

methylation
Block transcription
transcription inhibitors

Front 37

Transcription factors

Back 37

Helps the RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription using protein

Front 38

Enhancer region

Back 38

Helps or RNA polymerase to inhibit transcription DNA used

Front 39

Barr body

Back 39

Inactivated X chromosome
only in women
different for each cell

Front 40

point mutation base pair substitutions

Back 40

One nucleotide get changed

Front 41

Missense mutation

Back 41

now point mutation that changes one amino acid

Front 42

Nonsense mutation

Back 42

Point mutation that causes one and no acid into a stop codon
stops too early
will never produced a protein

Front 43

frameshift insertion

Back 43

Nucleotide is inserted into the DNA sequence changing all subsequent code on every amino acid from that point Are all wrong

Front 44

Frameshift deletion

Back 44

Nucleotide is ripped out of the DNA sequence changing all the subsequent codons every amino acid from that point on are all wrong

Front 45

Uses of DNA

Back 45

DNA replication
Transcription
Translation

Front 46

Transcription

Back 46

Are in a copy of DNA is made and transported out of nucleus

Front 47

rRNA

Back 47

Main component of ribosomes

Front 48

mRNA

Back 48

Instructions for protein

Front 49

tRNA

Back 49

Carry amino acid

Front 50

Promoter region

Back 50

Tells where the transcription needs to start
Beginning of gene

Front 51

Terminator region

Back 51

Tells where transcription needs to end
End of gene

Front 52

anti sense code

Back 52

The side of the DNA that is not transcribed

Front 53

Sense code

Back 53

Only one strand is ever transcribe

Front 54

Exxon

Back 54

Coding regions in DNA

Front 55

intron

Back 55

Noncoding regions of DNA

Front 56

spliceosome

Back 56

cut out introns
Makes mRNA

Front 57

codon

Back 57

Three bases

Front 58

stop codon

Back 58

UGA
UAA
UAG

Front 59

P site

Back 59

AUG sits in

Front 60

E site

Back 60

Ejection

Front 61

A site

Back 61

Where new tRNA comes in

Front 62

Start codon

Back 62

AUG
Met

Front 63

Anticodon

Back 63

Complementary tRNA for mRNA

Front 64

Protein synthesis

Back 64

Transcription
Translation

Front 65

An aerobic respiration

Back 65

Only glycolysis
no mitochondria

Front 66

Alcohol fermentation

Back 66

glucose goes through glycolysis to become pyruvate which becomes ethanol
2 ATP generated

Front 67

lactate fermentation

Back 67

Glucose goes through gate glycolysis to become pyruvate which becomes lactic acid
2 ATP generated

Front 68

Glucose from protein and fat

Back 68

Amino acids are used to form new protein
Amino acids used to make glucose or fat goes up the glycolysis
Amino acid used to make ATP amino acid becomes pyruvate

Front 69

Gluconeogenesis

Back 69

formation of new glucose

Front 70

protosome

Back 70

Destroys proteins that are damaged or unneeded
Specific for protein

Front 71

proteases

Back 71

Enzyme that does the breaking down of protein that are damaged or unneeded

Front 72

Mitochondria

Back 72

Makes ATP
Powerhouse of the cell

Front 73

cristae

Back 73

Folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
The folds increase the surface area

Front 74

Mitochondrial matrix

Back 74

Inside the inner membrane of the mitochondria

Front 75

The nucleus

Back 75

Where all the genetic information is stored

Front 76

Nuclear envelope

Back 76

Membrane coating nucleus

Front 77

Nuclear pores

Back 77

Holes in the nuclear envelope
things that can move through. Small molecules and ions
Things that can not move through. RNA protein

Front 78

Nucleolus

Back 78

Inner sphere in nucleus
synthesizes rRNA and assembles into a ribosomes

Front 79

Chromosome

Back 79

You have 46

Front 80

Adhering junction

Back 80

Join similar cells together
Made from anchoring protein

Front 81

Gap junctions

Back 81

Allow passage of molecules from cell to cell

Front 82

Tight junctions

Back 82

Prevents molecules from going between cells

Front 83

Centrosome

Back 83

Involved in cell division

Front 84

centrioles

Back 84

2 centrioles makes one centisome

Front 85

pericentriolar material

Back 85

Part of the centrosome

Front 86

cilia and flagella

Back 86

Involved in cell movement

Front 87

cilia

Back 87

powerstroke and return fold
moves things in one direction

Front 88

Endomembrane system

Back 88

A bunch of organelles made from endomembrane similar to phospholipid bilayer

Front 89

Er

Back 89

flattened membranous sacs

Front 90

Smooth ER

Back 90

No ribosomes
Fatty acid and steroid synthesis

Front 91

Rough ER

Back 91

Has ribosomes attached to it
Protein synthesis

Front 92

Golgi apparatus

Back 92

Receive sort and transfer protein
flattened sac

Front 93

cis face

Back 93

enter

Front 94

trans face

Back 94

exit

Front 95

medial cisternae

Back 95

moves through

Front 96

types of vesicle

Back 96

Secretory
Membrane
Transport

Front 97

Secretory vesicle

Back 97

out of cell via exocytosis

Front 98

Membrane vesicle

Back 98

Insert proteins into the plasma membrane

Front 99

Transport vesicle

Back 99

Move proteins to other parts of cell

Front 100

Lysosome

Back 100

Intracellular digestion
Kind of like a vesicle but very acidic

Front 101

autophagy

Back 101

lysosome breaks down worn out or old organelles

Front 102

autolysis

Back 102

Destroying itself with lysosome when it's worn out or going bad

Front 103

peroxisomes

Back 103

Specialized lysosome
Have catalase an oxidant is inside

Front 104

oxidase

Back 104

Enzyme
Remove hydrogen from amino acid and fatty acid
Create ATP

Front 105

catalase

Back 105

Enzyme
Breaks down h2o2

Front 106

H2o2

Back 106

Human metabolism create hydrogen peroxide h2o2

Front 107

exocytosis

Back 107

Vesicle removing stuff

Front 108

G protein

Back 108

Associated with a specific receptor
Activated when ligand binds to receptor

Front 109

adenylate cyclase

Back 109

activate when G protein activate
Convert ATP to cyclic amp
Enzyme

Front 110

cAMP

Back 110

Created from ATP
Second messenger
Creates changes in cell

Front 111

Prokaryotic cell

Back 111

Much smaller than eukaryotic cell
No nucleus
No organelle
Has cell wall

Front 112

Eukaryotic cell

Back 112

No cell wall

Front 113

The cytoplasm

Back 113

Includes cytosol and organelles

Front 114

cytosol

Back 114

Fluid part of inside of cell
Ions glucose amino acids floating around

Front 115

Cytoskeleton

Back 115

framework of cell
Branches holding everything apart
There are three types

Front 116

Microfilaments

Back 116

Smallest sized
Scaffolding or framework support
More around perimeter to give cell shape

Front 117

Intermediate filament

Back 117

Middle-sized
Stabilizes the position of organelles

Front 118

Microtubule

Back 118

longest sized
Involved in cell division and in movement of vesicles

Front 119

Facilitated diffusion

Back 119

Used for large or charged molecules
Binds to protein and half gets transported to the other side of membrane
Down the gradient no ATP evening concentration

Front 120

Primary active transport

Back 120

Uses ATP directly

Front 121

Antiporter

Back 121

Moves solute in opposite directions

Front 122

Sodium potassium pump

Back 122

An example of an anti Porter
ATP becomes ADP
Pumping the three Na + against the gradient to the outside
Once inverted two K+ bind and move down the gradient with no ATP used

Front 123

Secondary active transport

Back 123

Uses ATP indirectly to move solute

Front 124

Symporter

Back 124

move to solute in the same direction at the same time
Moving down the gradient enter its indirect because you have to use ATP to get rid of the Na +
can't get glucose in without NA+

Front 125

vascular transport

Back 125

Transport of things through vascular

Front 126

Vesicle

Back 126

Lined with cell membrane banter cell membrane makes pocket then pinches off capturing something in a bubble

Front 127

endocytosis

Back 127

Bring stuff in cell

Front 128

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

Back 128

Ligands bind with receptor protein then they pocket in and make a bubble to bring in to cell

Front 129

phagocytosis

Back 129

Brings in large particles
Saul finds foreign objects and and goals set then destroys it
cell Eating
Such as e.coli

Front 130

Pinocytosis

Back 130

brings in small solute droplets
cell drinking