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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
name the four structural parts of the mitochondrion
outer membrane
intermembrane space
inner membrane
matrix
actetyl s coa is a common intermediate for what three metabolic processes
????
the tca cycle is named for this intermediate why?
tricarboxylic acid
for an intermediate
the two carbon compound acetyl S coa enters the TCA and two exit but it is a three carbon compound. how is this converted to acetyl s coa
has carboxylic end that is oxidatively decarboxylated then shuttled into TCA

pyruvate makes one co2 and one acetate X2
what molecule that is associated with the TCA cycle is directly responsible for the substrate level phohorylation of ADP
GTP
how many ATP from glycolysis
2
how many ATP from TCA
2
for each round of beta oxidcatio of fa a two carbon high energy intermediate is produced what is this molecule
acetyl s coa
20 carbib fa produces how many acetyl s coa? nadh? fadh2?
10 9 9
why is there a diff in nadh and fadh2 in terms of atp producation
fadh2 enters electron transport after the first pump
what are the pumps involved
I
III
IV
where si the e transport system embedded
inner membrane
where do the pumps pump the H+ to
intermembrane space
which part of the atp synthase complex it he proton translocator and which part isthe atp synthesizer
f0 integral protein is proton translocator
f1 is atp synthesizer
what mjolecule in euk cells shuttles the protons of NADH across the outer mitochondrial membrane? what molecule is the final acceptor of these protons in the shuttle system?
G3P
FAD+
what are protamines? what contemporary names do we give to these protamines?
material of sperm. basic proteins rich in arg and lysine as found by miescher.
now called amino acids
why did griffith think that proteins were the transforming principles?
heat killed S+R = dead mice
what were the two convincing argumetns in the experiemtns from avery, mcleod, and mccarty that indicated that nucleic acids were the transforming principles?
na fraction was pathogenic in griffith's experiment
na are heritable factors NOT proteins
DNA carried the transforming proteins
hwo did the experiments of hershey and chase corroborate the findings of avery, mcleod, and mccarty that na were the transforming principles?
allowed provirus to go through life cycle
sulfur is in DNA Phosphorus in protein
DNA is genetic info not protein
could tell by where radioactive part was
name the four major structures of DNA packing
nucleosome
solenoid
loop
chromosome
what is the relationship between length and volume with respect to DNA packing when there become an increase in the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence
decreased length with increased volume within that length
what simple physical structure allwos for pakcing long lengths of DNA into very small spaces
super coil
how does the number of pres per square ampere on the nuclear membrane relate to cell type
if need to make lost of protein need to increase pores for mRNA
for examples heptaocyte needs a lot and leukocytes need less
what is an NOR which genes are associated with NORs
nucleolus organizing regions NOR
site of chromatin where nucleoli form
genes that code for rRNA
what improtant molecules are produced by NORs
rRNA
histones are DNA associated proteins. what amino acid residues make upa significant number of residues in histones and why
lysine argenin
postively charged are attracted to DNA
what are protamines? what contemporary names do we give to these protamines?
basic proteins as characterized by mendel
now called amino acids
why did griffith think that proteins were the transforming principles
heat killed S and R = dead mouse
what were the two convincing arguments in the experiments from avery, mcleod, and mccarty that indicated that na were the transforming principles
na fraction was pathogenic
na are hertaible factors not proteins
how did the experiments of hershey and chase corroborate the findings of avery mcelod and mccarty that na were the transforming principles
phosphorus in DNA
sulfer in protein
DNA is genetic material not proteins
name four major structures of DNA packing
nucleosome
solenoid
loop
chromosome
what is the relationship between length and volume with respect to DNA packing when there becomes an increase in the number of base pairs in a DNA sequence
decrease in L increase of V
what simple physical structure allows for packing long lengths of DNA inot veyr small spaces
super coil
how doe sthe number of pores per square ampere on the nuclear membrane relate to cell type
if needs lots of proteins made need more pores
more in hepatocytes
less in leukocytes
what is an NOR? whcih genes are associated with NOR
nucleolus organizing region
rRNA very active
hat important molecules are produced by NOR
ribosomal RNA
histones are DNA associated proteins. what aa residues make up a significant number of residues in histones and why
lysine argenine
they are positvely charges and are attracted to DNA
what improtant event related to DNA occurs in G1 before the cell enters the S phase
cell makes sure DNA is not damaged and corrects damage before replication
what important eventrelated to DNA occurs in G2 before the cell enters mitosis
makes sure all DNA has replicated. sister chrom in place
why are G1 and G2 called gap phases?
in lgiht didn't know what was going on
what happens during S phase
chromosomes to two sister chromatids
during whcih phase of mitosis do sister chromatids separate
anaphase separate sister chromatids
how do the experiemtns of meselson and stahl verify the semiconservative model of DNA replication
heavy DNA 15 and
DNA 15 and 14
2nd and thrid generations had two lines suggesting that replciation is semi conservative but not 100%
what is the naem of the location on the DNA that repliaiton starts? does replication occur unidirectionally or bidirectionally?
ORI bi
name the two major components of the primosome
primase and recognition factors
funciton of DNA pol III
major work of polymerizaiton
funciton of primosome
where to start transcription
function of primase
make RNA primer
funcito of DNA polymerase I
chews up RNA and replaces with DNA
function of DNA ligase
connects DNA primers with replicated DNA
what structure along the lagging strand allows the replisome to replicate both strands in the same direction
rachet loop
how does cell cycle relate to cell type
some areas need constant cell recycling like areas of high metabolism are short cycle and structural areas need long cycle
hwa tis MPF
mitosis promoting factor
what two molecules make up MPF
cyclin and cyclin dep kinases
which one cycle in concentration througout the cell cycle
cyclin increase in conc throughout the cycle until meed cdk during mitosis
mitosis begins when MPF is inactive or active
active
what is the central dogma of biology? why is this paradigm waning?
replicaiton of DNA
RNA may be original blueprint
what are three types of RNA and what are their functions
mRNA serve as nucleotide template for proteins
rRNA are machinery of prot synthesis
tRNA are carriers of aa. interpreters
why does the codon have a triplet nucleotide seq
only four nucleotides are available to make the 20 essential aa
what isthe difference between teh reading fram ad the open reading frame
reading fram is one of three possible ways to read the nt seq in groups of three.

open reading frame is what is found in RNA. correct seq of codons that code for a gene and contains start and stop codon
why is the codon considered degenerative
one aa may have several codons
why is the docon considered unambiguous
one codon may only code for one aa
why is the codon considered universal
almost all organisms may use this code
define the coding and template strands of DNA on which strand does the gene lie
template is compeltment of coding
the gene lies on the coding strand
when RNA pol syntehsizes RNA which strand of DNA is used to produce the RNA molecule
template strand
in which direction relative to the template is the DNa read by the rnba pol
three to 5
in which direction is the nascnet rNA molecule synthesized
five to three
what are hnRNA and mRNA how dot hese two differ
hn is not processed and has intorns and no cap nor tail
mRNA is ready to be read by the ribosomes
name three differences between RNA and DNA
single strand/dbl strand
U vs T
may leave the nucleus or may not
what are the functions of the sigma and rho factors
sigma recognizes DNA promoter
rho is RNA pol releasing factor
name the four major steps of transcription
RNA pol and sigma bind
initiation
elongation
termination
the incipient hnRNA resembes which strand of DNA
coding
why are transcription and translation concurrent in pok
ribosomes immediately latch on
RNA splicing is one form of post transcriptional processing. what is removed from hnRNA
splicing to remove introns via snRNPs
also capping and tailing is done
what is alternative splicing? how does this argue against the one gene one polypep?
way of makign more prot may excise out certain exons. can make many polypep
capping and tailing are otehr forms of post transcriptional processing of hnRNA. explain capping and tailin gand why they are important
to protect the RNA
7 methyl guanosine
polyadenylated with AAA
function to increase half life and decrease degredation
what are two major functions of mRNA
transfer info of the DNA to the ribosome
macromolecule that ribosomes read to produce the protein