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41 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
what is the origin of energy in the solar system
the sun
what process converts solar energy into bio energy
photosynthesis
solar energy is converted to ___ energy by photosynthesis
bio
what are the units of bond energy
cal/mol
or kcal/mol
the thermodynamic spontaneity of a reactio is quantified. descirbe what sign and number mean
sign is spontaneous or not
number is magnitude of energy needed or released
change in G measures the ___ in ____ of a system
change in free energy
keq is the ratio of ___ to ___ in a system.
P to R
T is in what units
kelvin
what are standard state conditions
pH 7
R and P are concentration 1:1
at standard state change in g knot is what?
-RTlnKeq because products and reactants are 1:1 and ln 1 = 0
at steady state change in g prime represents biolgoical free energy chagne which defines teh difference between what and what
biological conditions and standard state conditions
how do heat and pH affect enzyme efficiency
change in conformation
change in activity
depends on enzyme
how does lock and key differ from induced fit
rigid
change in enzyme conformation so substrate can fit
how are teh MM and double reciprocal related
same equation
how do you calculate km and vmax on the LB plot
km = -1/xintercept
vmax = 1/y intercept
what are the units of km
mM
what are the units of vmax
micromole/sec
what is substrate specificity
active site and substrate have the same configuratio. very particular enzyme recognizes specific substrate ie glucose vs. galactose
how are km and vmax alike
both are constant
if km = substrate conc then 1/2 vmax
km is the ____ concentration of half vmax
substrate
when is first order kinetics and when is zero order kinetics
s much less to km to s much more
how does competitve and non competitive inhibition differ int heir actions
competitive alwasy attacks the active site and increasing substrate concentration will overcome this
what is an allosteric effector. name two types
can regulate activity. end product and product inhibition
name three eamples of post translational regulation of enzymes
cleavage changes substrate activity
addition or subtraction of functional group like P
change in pH may inactivate or activate
What does selectively permeable mean
free to movement of most molecules
maintenance of concentratio gradients
electrical gradients
what kind of energy is needed for active transport
thermodynamic
how does facilitative diffusion and active transport compare and contrast
both are transmembrane proteins that act like enzymes in that they exhibit saturation kinetics. Both are highly specific. both are approximately equal to enzymes.
how does the concentratio and direction of movement of a solute relate to one another in diffusion and active transport.
direction of diffusio is with the gradient while active is against. The concentration is affecte by saturation kinetics which means that only so many substrate specific sites are available.
What is the saturatio effect in reference to simple and facilitated difusion.
in simple diffusio there are not limited sites. In facilitated diffusion the saturation effect occurs due to limited sites. The rate is a hyperbolic curve in comparison of rate against substrate conc. vmax v1/2 can be observed
what are the characteristics of a carrier protein
transmembrange carriers taht bind specific substrates. They shield ionic and polar groups. They may have hydrophilic channels or substrate can chagne protein conformation
what is the mechanism of the sodium potassium pump
the protein has a high affinity for sodium. it changes confroamtion following the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit. changes again for hydrolysis of phosphate group.
how is the glucose conc maintained
changes to G6P
why is keq 1
at equilibrium no movement so 1:1 ratio of products and reactnats
when a charged speicies is involved in movement across the membrane, waht two aspects of a system must be addressed.
conc gradient and electric potential
what is the universal coupler of the cell
ATP
what is the fuel of the cell
glucose
reduction reactions are always ___ to oxidation reactions
coupled
what molecule is involved with the intramolecular redox reactions in glycolysis
NAD
where does glycolysis occur
cytoplasm
what are the 4/5 groups
ITIPE
initial push
trioses
intermediates
pyruvate
end products
why is it substrate level phosphorylation
ADP is phosphrylated as a substrate