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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what is the origin of energy in the solar system
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the sun
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what process converts solar energy into bio energy
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photosynthesis
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solar energy is converted to ___ energy by photosynthesis
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bio
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what are the units of bond energy
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cal/mol
or kcal/mol |
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the thermodynamic spontaneity of a reactio is quantified. descirbe what sign and number mean
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sign is spontaneous or not
number is magnitude of energy needed or released |
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change in G measures the ___ in ____ of a system
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change in free energy
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keq is the ratio of ___ to ___ in a system.
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P to R
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T is in what units
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kelvin
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what are standard state conditions
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pH 7
R and P are concentration 1:1 |
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at standard state change in g knot is what?
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-RTlnKeq because products and reactants are 1:1 and ln 1 = 0
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at steady state change in g prime represents biolgoical free energy chagne which defines teh difference between what and what
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biological conditions and standard state conditions
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how do heat and pH affect enzyme efficiency
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change in conformation
change in activity depends on enzyme |
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how does lock and key differ from induced fit
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rigid
change in enzyme conformation so substrate can fit |
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how are teh MM and double reciprocal related
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same equation
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how do you calculate km and vmax on the LB plot
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km = -1/xintercept
vmax = 1/y intercept |
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what are the units of km
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mM
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what are the units of vmax
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micromole/sec
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what is substrate specificity
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active site and substrate have the same configuratio. very particular enzyme recognizes specific substrate ie glucose vs. galactose
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how are km and vmax alike
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both are constant
if km = substrate conc then 1/2 vmax |
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km is the ____ concentration of half vmax
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substrate
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when is first order kinetics and when is zero order kinetics
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s much less to km to s much more
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how does competitve and non competitive inhibition differ int heir actions
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competitive alwasy attacks the active site and increasing substrate concentration will overcome this
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what is an allosteric effector. name two types
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can regulate activity. end product and product inhibition
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name three eamples of post translational regulation of enzymes
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cleavage changes substrate activity
addition or subtraction of functional group like P change in pH may inactivate or activate |
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What does selectively permeable mean
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free to movement of most molecules
maintenance of concentratio gradients electrical gradients |
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what kind of energy is needed for active transport
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thermodynamic
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how does facilitative diffusion and active transport compare and contrast
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both are transmembrane proteins that act like enzymes in that they exhibit saturation kinetics. Both are highly specific. both are approximately equal to enzymes.
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how does the concentratio and direction of movement of a solute relate to one another in diffusion and active transport.
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direction of diffusio is with the gradient while active is against. The concentration is affecte by saturation kinetics which means that only so many substrate specific sites are available.
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What is the saturatio effect in reference to simple and facilitated difusion.
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in simple diffusio there are not limited sites. In facilitated diffusion the saturation effect occurs due to limited sites. The rate is a hyperbolic curve in comparison of rate against substrate conc. vmax v1/2 can be observed
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what are the characteristics of a carrier protein
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transmembrange carriers taht bind specific substrates. They shield ionic and polar groups. They may have hydrophilic channels or substrate can chagne protein conformation
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what is the mechanism of the sodium potassium pump
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the protein has a high affinity for sodium. it changes confroamtion following the phosphorylation of the alpha subunit. changes again for hydrolysis of phosphate group.
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how is the glucose conc maintained
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changes to G6P
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why is keq 1
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at equilibrium no movement so 1:1 ratio of products and reactnats
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when a charged speicies is involved in movement across the membrane, waht two aspects of a system must be addressed.
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conc gradient and electric potential
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what is the universal coupler of the cell
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ATP
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what is the fuel of the cell
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glucose
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reduction reactions are always ___ to oxidation reactions
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coupled
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what molecule is involved with the intramolecular redox reactions in glycolysis
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NAD
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where does glycolysis occur
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cytoplasm
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what are the 4/5 groups
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ITIPE
initial push trioses intermediates pyruvate end products |
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why is it substrate level phosphorylation
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ADP is phosphrylated as a substrate
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